Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.9.3.1 (cytochrome oxidase)
 8,822 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus) is a highly differentiated nucleus that is divisible into five major subdivisions on the basis of retinal projections and cytoarchitecture. To pursue the likelihood that these subdivisions (the dorsal cap, intergeniculate leaflet, external magnocellular lamina, internal magnocellular lamina, and parvicellular segment) correlate with the functional diversity of this complex, the present study examined the neurochemical composition of the vLGN with regard to substances that have previously proved useful in distinguishing functionally distinct subregions within nuclei (i.e., neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), leucine and methionine enkephalins, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), cytochrome oxidase (CO), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and NADPH-diaphorase). The results showed a clear differential neurochemical distribution within the nucleus. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactive perikarya were found predominantly in the intergeniculate leaflet and external magnocellular lamina, with only a few present in the internal magnocellular lamina and dorsal cap, and none observed in the parvicellular segment. NPY+ fibers, however, were present in all divisions except the parvicellular segment. The highest concentration of SP immunoreactive cells was observed in the internal magnocellular lamina, and substantial numbers also were scattered in the external magnocellular lamina and parvicellular segment. SP+ fibers were seen predominantly in the intergeniculate leaflet and the magnocellular laminae. The heaviest concentration of enkephalinergic fibers occurred in the internal magnocellular lamina and dorsal cap, but fibers were also observed in the external magnocellular lamina and intergeniculate leaflet. GABA reactivity was widespread throughout the vLGN, with the dorsal cap and external magnocellular lamina most heavily labeled, followed by the intergeniculate leaflet and the internal magnocellular lamina. Cytochrome oxidase, AChE, and NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry revealed rich reactivity within the dorsal cap, and external and internal magnocellular laminae and paler reactivity in the intergeniculate leaflet and parvicellular segment. The external magnocellular lamina was more reactive for CO and NADPH-diaphorase than AChE, while the internal magnocellular lamina showed the opposite pattern of reactivity. In addition, NADPH-diaphorase reactive cells were present in caudal intergeniculate leaflet and lateral external magnocellular lamina. These local differences in the neurochemical character of the vLGN support its parcellation into multiple subdivisions. Taken in conjunction with the differences in cytoarchitecture and retinal projections, these results suggest substantial functional diversity within the ventral lateral geniculate complex.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical organization of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus in the ground squirrel. 137 67

In order to test the proposal that the zona incerta contributes to the generation of orienting movements, we examined the synaptic relationships between the incertotectal pathway and the cells of origin of the predorsal bundle. The predorsal bundle cells give rise to the major premotor pathway from the superior colliculus to the brainstem gaze centers. First, cytochrome oxidase histochemistry, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) immunocytochemistry, and the axonal transport of markers were used to define the borders of a ventral subdivision of the zona incerta. This subdivision projects topographically to the same sublamina of the intermediate grey layer of the superior colliculus that contains the vast majority of the predorsal bundle cells. Experiments in which incertotectal cells were labeled by both retrograde transport and immunocytochemistry showed that this pathway is GABAergic. Retrograde and anterograde experiments also showed that this pathway is reciprocated by a pathway from the intermediate grey layer of the superior colliculus to the same ventral subdivision of the zona incerta. Finally, experiments combining axonal transport and electron microscopic methods showed that the incertotectal pathway is the source of a monosynaptic GABAergic input to the cells of origin of the predorsal bundle. The ventral subdivision of the zona incerta is contrasted with a second source of GABAergic input to the predorsal bundle cells, the substantia nigra pars reticulata.
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PMID:Pathway from the zona incerta to the superior colliculus in the rat. 138 May 19

The distribution of cytochrome oxidase activity was studied in the cerebral cortex of two species of cetaceans, the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena, and the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus. Two main patterns of distribution of cytochrome oxidase were detected. The first, characteristic of the visual and auditory cortices of the lateral and suprasylvian gyri, is typified by a peak density in layer III, contrasting with low levels in layers II, V and VI. The second is found in wide areas of the limbic lobe, the insular cortex, the temporal operculum and the occipital cortex. In these regions, distribution of cytochrome oxidase is more uniform, with little difference between layers III, V and VI. A transitional pattern is found in the most dorsal parts of the limbic lobe, the parietal operculum, the ectosylvian gyrus and in orbitofrontal cortex. As areas of high cytochrome oxidase activity have been described in various land mammals to correspond to zones of major excitatory input and, in particular, to characterise the cortical layers that receive thalamocortical afferents, we propose that the thalamocortical input to cetacean sensory cortex, in which a typical layer IV is absent, may be mainly to layer III. This view is supported by the high density of neurons positive for the inhibitory transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid that is also found in layer III of cetacean cortex, another typical feature of thalamocortical recipient zones.
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PMID:Laminar distribution of cytochrome oxidase staining in cetacean isocortex. 165 57

The basic histology of the developing embryonic gut wall of the chick was examined on haematein and eosin-stained paraffin sections. In parallel with this, the ontogenic sequence of myenteric plexus formation was followed on whole mounts after NADH diaphorase histochemistry. The presence of nerve elements was verified also by electron microscopy. The appearance of enteric gamma-aminobutyric acid-containing neurons, as an example of an intrinsic inhibitory neuronal system, was studied by using an antiserum against the gamma-aminobutyric acid glutaraldehyde bovine serum albumin conjugate. The development of noradrenergic innervation as an extrinsic inhibitory supply was followed by means of a glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence method. Cytochrome oxidase activity was detected histochemically. Three consecutive steps of the morphogenesis of the myenteric plexus were revealed; first the appearance of a cellular crest at the mesenteric border on embryonic day 9; second the migration and clustering of nerve cells between embryonic days 10 and 16; then the elongation of neurites on embryonic days 16 and 21. Immunoreactive and also fluorescent fibres were first detected on the 14th day of incubation, while immunopositive cell bodies appeared only after hatching. In the early stages the cytochrome oxidase activity was restricted to the perikarya, while at the end of embryonic development the activity also appeared in the ganglionic neuropile. On the basis of these observations, we concluded that there is a close time relation between the morphogenesis and the biochemical and functional maturation of the myenteric plexus.
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PMID:Relationship between appearance of GABA, fluorogenic monoamines and cytochrome oxidase activity during prenatal morphogenesis of chick myenteric plexus. 166 Feb 25

When a portion of primary somatosensory cortex is deprived of its normal inputs by peripheral nerve transection, intact skin surfaces represented in surrounding cortex come to activate the deprived zone within 2 months. We found that this cortical reorganization was accompanied by a marked decrease in the antibody staining of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) within the deprived sector of cortex in monkeys surviving nerve injury for 2-5 months. In contrast, there were no apparent changes in cytochrome oxidase reactivity in the deprived cortex of these same monkeys. Reduced levels of inhibition could allow previously unexpressed connections to become potent. Thus, the regulation of the expression of GABA appears to be one mechanism for maintaining and altering cortical representations.
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PMID:Injury-induced reorganization of somatosensory cortex is accompanied by reductions in GABA staining. 166 58

Recent studies have shown that the presence of immunoreactivity for parvalbumin (PV-IR) and calbindin-D 28k (Cal-IR) can be used as markers for certain types of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactive interneurons in monkey cerebral cortex. Little quantitative information is available regarding the features that distinguish these two subpopulations, however. Therefore, in this study we localized PV-IR and Cal-IR neurons in Macaca monkey striate cortex and analyzed quantitatively their laminar distribution, cell morphology, and co-localization with GABA by double-labeling immunocytochemistry. PV-IR was found in nonpyramidal cells in all layers of the cortex, although PV-IR cells in layer 1 were rare. In contrast, Cal-IR was found mainly in nonpyramidal cells in two bands corresponding to layers 2-3 and 5-6. We found very few double-labeled PV-IR/Cal-IR cells but confirmed that almost all PV-IR and Cal-IR cells are GABAergic. Overall, 74% of GABA neurons in striate cortex displayed PV-IR compared to only 12% that displayed Cal-IR and 14% that were GABA-IR only. Quantitative analysis indicated that the relative proportion of GABA cells that displayed PV-IR or Cal-IR showed conspicuous laminar differences, which were often complementary. Cell size measurements indicated that PV-IR/GABA cells in layers 2-3 and 5-6 were significantly larger than Cal-IR/GABA cells. Analysis of the size, shape, and orientation of stained cell bodies and proximal dendrites further demonstrated that each subpopulation contained several different types of smooth stellate cells, suggesting that Cal-IR and PV-IR are found in functionally and morphologically heterogeneous subpopulations of GABA neurons. There was a thick bundle of PV-IR axons in the white matter underlying the striate but not prestriate cortex. PV-IR punctate labeling matched the cytochrome oxidase staining pattern in layers 4A and 4C, suggesting that PV-IR is present in geniculocortical afferents as well as intrinsic neurons. Cal-IR neuropil staining was high in layers 1, 2, 4B, and 5, where cytochrome oxidase staining is relatively low. We did not find a preferential localization of either PV-IR or Cal-IR cell bodies in any cytochrome oxidase compartments in layers 2-3 of the cortex. These findings indicate that PV and Cal are distributed into different neuronal circuits.
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PMID:Calcium-binding proteins as markers for subpopulations of GABAergic neurons in monkey striate cortex. 217 Apr 66

The cellular uptake and laminar distribution of tritium-labeled gamma-aminobutyrate, aspartate, glutamate and glycine were examined in the primary visual cortex of squirrel monkeys. The purpose was to correlate the distribution of these labeled neurons with their level of cytochrome oxidase activity, particularly in laminae II-III (puffs) and adjacent non-puff regions. In general, tritium-labeled neurons that had either high or low levels of cytochrome oxidase activity were present in all laminae with each amino acid tested; however, their density varied between laminae and with the amino acid injected. Specifically, in laminae II-III, very few neurons were labelled with either of the putative excitatory amino acids (aspartate and glutamate). An increased uptake for both was observed in lamina IVC, with the greatest increase for each occurring in laminae V and VI. Significantly more neurons in each lamina were labeled with the putative inhibitory transmitters (gamma-aminobutyrate and glycine) than with either aspartate or glutamate. gamma-Aminobutyrate-labeled neurons were more prevalent in lamina II than III, and an increase in labeling was observed in laminae IV-VI, with the most prominent increase found in laminae V and VI. Glycine-labeled neurons were larger, more uniformly distributed and more abundant throughout all cortical laminae than those labeled with the other amino acids. Significantly more gamma-aminobutyrate- and glycine-labeled neurons were found in the puff regions than in the non-puff areas. No difference was found between puff and non-puff regions for the tritium-labeled leucine controls. Labeled neurons included stellate, fusiform and pyramidal-shaped cells of varying sizes; however, gamma-aminobutyrate-labeled pyramidal cells were not observed outside of the intense injection site. Large glycine-labeled cytochrome-oxidase-reactive pyramidal cells (24-32 micron in diameter) were present at the boundary between laminae V and VI. In addition, a row of large glycine-labeled, fusiform neurons were present in lamina IVB. With each amino acid injected, the tritium-labeled neurons that were darkly reactive for cytochrome oxidase were, on average, larger than the tritium-labeled neurons that were only lightly reactive for cytochrome oxidase. Thus, each of the four amino acids tested had its unique pattern of distribution in the primate striate cortex. Whether one or all of them served as neurotransmitter(s) for distinct neuronal groups is beyond the scope of this study. Glycine, in particular, might be used in part or in whole for metabolic purposes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Correlation between cytochrome oxidase staining and the uptake and laminar distribution of tritiated aspartate, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyrate and glycine in the striate cortex of the squirrel monkey. 241 91

The rodent ventrobasal thalamus (VB) contains groups of vibrissa-related neurons (barreloids) that are highly reactive for the enzyme cytochrome oxidase. The present experiments show that each barreloid also contains a dense accumulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) immunoreactive terminals. Chronic vibrissa trimming results in parallel declines in staining for both cytochrome oxidase (CO) and GAD in barreloids associated with the trimmed hairs. Thus, thalamic metabolism like that in the cortex is dependent upon normal sensory input. This includes projection neurons as well as neurons in the reticular nucleus, which are the major source of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic input to the rat VB.
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PMID:Chronic sensory deprivation affects cytochrome oxidase staining and glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity in adult rat ventrobasal thalamus. 244 2

The morphology and distribution of neurons labeled specifically by the lectin, Vicia villosa (VVA), were examined in striate cortex of adult macaque monkeys. Following incubation with VVA conjugated to histochemical markers, fine punctate reaction product appears to cover the surface of the soma and proximal dendrites of a population of cortical neurons. Although a small number of VVA-labeled cells are located in layers 2, 3A, 5, and 6, approximately 75% are located in a strip of cortex overlying layers 3B through 4Ca. Layers 1 and 4C beta are virtually devoid of labeled cells. The morphology of labeled cells varies throughout the layers. In the supragranular layers, the labeled cells generally display a round or multipolar soma with a small number of radially disposed dendrites. In deeper layers, labeled cells are multipolar or horizontal, and their proximal dendrites are often more densely labeled. There is no clear correlation between the distribution of labeled cells and the pattern of cytochrome oxidase staining in supragranular layers. Double labeling of single sections for VVA and for GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) immunoreactivity revealed that most VVA-labeled cells are also immunoreactive for GABA. The double-labeled cells comprise approximately 30% of all GABA immunoreactive cells. Soma size analysis of double-labeled cells shows that medium-to-large GABA cells in each layer are labeled by VVA. The soma size, laminar distribution, and morphology of the VVA-labeled GABA cells suggest that they include the large basket cells originally observed in Golgi preparations.
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PMID:The lectin Vicia villosa labels a distinct subset of GABAergic cells in macaque visual cortex. 248 38

The relationship between the levels of cytochrome oxidase and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was investigated within single neurons by double labeling the 2 markers in the same section. Double staining was equally effective when immunogold-silver staining of GABA was followed by indirect immunoperoxidase labeling of cytochrome oxidase, or when cytochrome oxidase histochemistry was followed by immunogold-silver staining of GABA. Neurons in the perigeniculate nucleus (PGN) and basket cell terminals in the cerebellum were GABA positive and rich in cytochrome oxidase. Interneurons of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) as well as stellate and Golgi cells of the cerebellum were GABA-rich but poor in cytochrome oxidase. These results demonstrate that there is no consistent relationship between the levels of cytochrome oxidase and GABA in neurons.
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PMID:Double labeling of cytochrome oxidase and gamma-aminobutyric acid in central nervous system neurons of adult cats. 255 60


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