Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.9.3.1 (cytochrome oxidase)
 8,822 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The objective of this study was to determine if biocytin would reliably label details of distant axons and dendrites when injected extracellularly in primates. Biocytin (2.5-5%) was injected iontophoretically or by pressure into several areas of the visual and somatosensory systems of macaque monkeys, squirrel monkeys, tree shrews and galagos. After survival times that ranged from 9 h to 2 weeks, fine details of anterogradely filled axons and/or retrogradely filled dendrites were reliably revealed with an avidin-biotin-HRP complex (ABC solution) that was enhanced with heavy metals. Biocytin labeling was successfully combined with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) or cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry to reveal double-labeled cells. Our results show that biocytin is a versatile, easy-to-use label that completely fills cell processes both anterogradely and retrogradely in several primate species.
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PMID:Morphological details of primate axons and dendrites revealed by extracellular injection of biocytin: an economic and reliable alternative to PHA-L. 172 35

The normal postnatal development and response to neonatal fasciculus retroflexus (FR) lesions of serotonin, substance P (SP), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) distribution are described for the rat interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). Serotonin-, SP- and ChAT-containing axons differed in development, distribution, and response to deafferentation. Serotonergic axons and cell bodies were present at birth. SP was present in the FR and in the lateral subnuclei by 3 days of age but did not appear in the rostral or dorsal subnuclei until 7-14 days. Intrinsic SP perikarya were not seen until 17 days of age. The development of ChAT was late, appearing only during the second week of life and not reaching adult patterns and density until after 21 days of age. The pattern of development of cytochrome oxidase and Bodian silver staining are also described. Both cytochrome oxidase and Bodian staining paralleled the patterns of localization and development of ChAT staining. Bilateral neonatal FR lesions resulted in a permanent loss of ChAT and cytochrome oxidase staining throughout the IPN and of SP in the lateral and rostral subnuclei. No changes were seen in the serotonergic system. Following unilateral lesions, the pattern of SP loss and replacement paralleled that seen after adult lesions. The pattern of replacement of ChAT differed from that after adult lesions in that there was partial replacement in the ipsilateral intermediate subnucleus following neonatal lesions. This result suggests that late developing cholinergic axons can innervate the contralateral intermediate nucleus to a much greater extent following infant lesions than following adult lesions.
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PMID:Normal development and effects of early deafferentation on choline acetyltransferase, substance P and serotonin-like immunoreactivity in the interpeduncular nucleus. 244 14

The effect of aging and subchronic treatment with acetyl-L-carnitine (50 mg/kg per day) was studied on mitochondrial bioenergetics and cholinergic metabolism in non-synaptic mitochondria and synaptosomes isolated from cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum of rats aged 4, 11 and 18 months. Respiratory activity and cytochrome oxidase specific activity were unaffected by aging in non-synaptic mitochondria. In synaptosomes, pyruvate dehydrogenase, choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase specific activity remained unchanged, but the high-affinity choline uptake decreased in cerebral cortex and striatum of 18-month-old rats. Acetyl-L-carnitine treatment increased the high-affinity choline uptake in cerebral cortex of 18-month-old rats. The treatment caused also an increase in cytochrome oxidase activity in all the three cerebral regions and in choline uptake in the hippocampus, parameters that were not directly affected by aging processes.
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PMID:Effect of aging and acetyl-L-carnitine on energetic and cholinergic metabolism in rat brain regions. 254 2

Nonsynaptic mitochondria isolated from rat brain hippocampus were compared with those obtained by means of the same preparative procedure from cerebral cortex and striatum. Protein recovery, marker enzyme activities (lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and acid phosphatase), state 4 respiration, and response to hypoosmotic shock showed no difference among the three cerebral regions, suggesting homogeneous behavior during the subfractionation procedure. Cholinergic markers--choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase activities, and high-affinity choline uptake--evaluated on synaptosomes showed the classic regional pattern with an enrichment in the striatum (striatum much greater than hippocampus). The coupling state of the mitochondrial fractions was maintained (respiratory control ratios ranging from 3.62 to 5.08 with glutamate + malate as oxidizable substrates), showing a metabolic competence sufficient to perform metabolic studies. Regional differences were found in state 3, uncoupled state of respiration, and cytochrome oxidase activity. Hippocampus showed the lower values (hippocampus less than striatum less than cortex). A possible role of this lower capacity of mitochondrial energy metabolism in determining the sensitivity of hippocampal neurons to ischemia or epileptic seizures is suggested.
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PMID:Oxidative metabolism of nonsynaptic mitochondria isolated from rat brain hippocampus: a comparative regional study. 283 1

The distribution of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase in primary visual areas of adult pigmented ferret was determined with cholinesterase histochemistry and choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry. In all visual areas the distribution of acetylcholinesterase in the neuropil closely matches that of choline acetyltransferase. In the cerebral cortex acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase are associated with axons found in every cortical layer and in the white matter. Area 17, identified by Nissl architectonics and cytochrome oxidase histochemistry, is distinguished by having a relatively low density of choline acetyltransferase- and acetylcholinesterase-stained axons in layer IV. Certain cortical non-pyramidal cell types show moderate staining for acetylcholinesterase after relatively long incubations, but no choline acetyltransferase-positive cells are observed in the cortex. In the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus the levels of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase are considerably higher than in cerebral cortex, and choline acetyltransferase-stained axons there display prominent varicosities. The distribution of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in the neuropil of lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus of ferret shows marked laminar variation. For instance, in the lateral geniculate nucleus, the levels of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase in the "On" sublaminae of laminae A and A1 are higher than the "Off" sublaminae. In the superficial layers of the superior colliculus the levels of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase are highest in the stratum zonale and lowest in the stratum opticum; in the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus acetylcholinesterase- and choline acetyltransferase-stained fibres are distributed into dense patches. As in cortex, choline acetyltransferase-positive cell bodies are not found in the lateral geniculate nucleus or superior colliculus, and acetylcholinesterase-stained cell bodies are visible only after long incubations. Cell bodies staining positively for choline acetyltransferase are found in a satellite of the superior colliculus, the parabigeminal nucleus.
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PMID:Cholinergic innervation of ferret visual system. 303 24

The combined influence of diabetes and moderate treadmill exercise training on select metabolic and cardiovascular parameters was investigated with mature male Sprague-Dawley rats assigned to either control diabetic or diabetic groups receiving exogenous insulin. Experimental diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (80 mg.kg-1, i.v.) and verified by blood glucose concentrations greater than 16 mmol. The animals were designated as control, insulin-injected (5 U.kg-1, twice daily), or saline-injected (twice daily), and assigned to either non-trained or trained sub-groups. Insulin treatment partially restored the measured physiological functions to within normal limits. All animals were trained at 60 to 70% maximal oxygen consumption for 9 wk and exhibited higher maximal oxygen consumption values and cytochrome oxidase activity of the soleus muscles. Diabetes caused lower (P less than 0.05) reductions in resting heart rate but training-induced bradycardia did not occur in any group. Heart rate response to atropine sulfate (1 mg.kg-1, atrial choline acetyltransferase activity, atrial acetylcholine concentration, and quinuclidinyl benzilate binding was measured to evaluate changes in the parasympathetic nervous system. Atropine-induced cardiac acceleration was most pronounced in control and least effective in diabetic animals. Endurance training had no meaningful influence on this response to cholinergic inhibition. Quinuclidinyl benzilate binding for the diabetic and the diabetic groups receiving insulin revealed no change in receptor number, receptor affinity, or training effects. These findings indicated that 9 wk of exercise training improves the aerobic capability of insulin-deficient rats without changing cardiovascular characteristics associated with the parasympathetic nervous system.
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PMID:Select cardiovascular and metabolic responses of diabetic rats to moderate exercise training. 331 5

Metabolic and cardiovascular changes resulting from acute and chronic exercise were examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats assigned to sham-control or hypophysectomized groups. Two weeks after surgery, the hypophysectomized rats had decreased their maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and heart rate values by 4 ml X min-1 X kg-1 and 142 beats X min-1, respectively. Twenty weeks later, hypophysectomy was associated with a 22 ml X min-1 X kg-1 decrease in VO2 max and a 215 beat X min-1 decline in their maximal heart rates when compared with sham-control means. Endurance training was responsible for the significantly higher O2 consumption values. Additionally, trained animals exhibited longer run times, higher muscle cytochrome oxidase activity, and reduced food consumption. Measurements of right atrial choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity and [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding revealed significantly higher CAT values and fewer muscarinic receptors. However, training had no significant effect on resting blood pressure, blood pressure changes with conditions of lower body negative pressure, muscle glycogen concentrations, CAT levels and QNB binding of the left atrium and ventricular regions, or receptor density. These results indicated that many of the adaptations that are characteristic of normal populations can occur in the absence of the hormones from the pituitary gland.
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PMID:Metabolic and cardiovascular adaptations in trained hypophysectomized rats. 711 64

Survival of fetal basal forebrain transplant (TP) into ibotenic-injured nucleus basalis of rats was examined after a delay lesion and TP (1 or 2 weeks) and a delay between harvest and TP (1-4.5 hours). Optimal TP survival occurred for TP made 2 weeks postlesion and less than 2 hours after harvesting. In these cases large, healthy TP-neurons displayed robust cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity and sent cholinergic processes throughout the TP and occasionally into host tissue. A mild astrocytic reaction was observed within the TP and at the host-TP interface. Surviving TPs increased choline acetyltransferase innervation and CO activity within the ipsilateral frontoparietal cortex. Therefore data suggest that fetal cholinergic TPs into the damaged NBM reduced neuronal degeneration within the NBM and stimulated remaining neurons spared by the lesion.
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PMID:Effects of fetal forebrain transplants in ibotenic-injured nucleus basalis: an anatomical investigation. 808 15

Hess and Rockland [Hess and Rockland (1983) Brain Res. 289, 322-325] proposed that the distribution of acetylcholinesterase within the lateral geniculate nucleus might correlate with the daily activity patterns shown by primates. In diurnal primates, the magnocellular laminae show a greater acetylcholinesterase reaction product. In nocturnal primates, the parvocellular laminae are more heavily stained. We have examined the laminar distribution of acetylcholinesterase and cytochrome oxidase in the lateral geniculate nucleus of a series of rare prosimian primates. In all prosimians examined, the most dense acetylcholinesterase reaction product is seen in the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Heavy cytochrome oxidase activity is seen in both the magnocellular and parvocellular layers, but not the koniocellular layers of the prosimian lateral geniculate nucleus. We have also employed a polyclonal antibody to choline acetyltransferase to examine the laminar organization or cholinergic activity in the Galago (Bushbaby) lateral geniculate nucleus. We report that choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity does not correlate with acetylcholinesterase activity in the prosimian lateral geniculate nucleus. Although the lateral geniculate nucleus is more immunoreactive than most other thalamic structures and although the intercalated koniocellular laminae demonstrate somewhat lighter choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity, no great difference in staining intensity is seen between the parvocellular and magnocellular laminae. In addition, we examined the phenotype of known inputs to assess the laminar specificity of cholinergic projections to the bushbaby lateral geniculate nucleus. Layer VI of primary visual cortex, which is known to be a source of acetylcholinesterase in the parvocellular layers, does not contain cholinergic cells, nor does the pretectal nucleus, which projects mainly to the parvocellular layers. The parabigeminal nucleus is cholinergic; however, this nucleus is known to project to the koniocellular layers, along with the non-cholinergic superior colliculus. Finally, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, which provides a strong input to many regions of the thalamus, including the lateral geniculate nucleus, is cholinergic. The laminar organization of its input to the lateral geniculate nucleus is not known. Increased acetylcholinesterase reaction product within the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus is common to all strepsirhine primates. The pattern is also seen in the only two nocturnal haplorhine primates, Tarsius and Aotus (owl monkey). The relation of this increased acetylcholinesterase activity to cholinergic function remains unclear.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Laminar organization of acetylcholinesterase and cytochrome oxidase in the lateral geniculate nucleus of prosimians. 839 38

A new organization has been found in shell nuclei of rat inferior colliculus. Chemically specific modules with a periodic distribution fill about half of layer 2 of external cortex and dorsal cortex. Modules contain clusters of small glutamic acid decarboxylase-positive neurons and large boutons at higher density than in other inferior colliculus subdivisions. The modules are also present in tissue stained for parvalbumin, cytochrome oxidase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase, and acetylcholinesterase. Six to seven bilaterally symmetrical modules extend from the caudal extremity of the external cortex of the inferior colliculus to its rostral pole. Modules are from approximately 800 to 2200 microm long and have areas between 5000 and 40,000 microm2. Modules alternate with immunonegative regions. Similar modules are found in inbred and outbred strains of rat, and in both males and females. They are absent in mouse, squirrel, cat, bat, macaque monkey, and barn owl. Modules are immunonegative for glycine, calbindin, serotonin, and choline acetyltransferase. The auditory cortex and ipsi- and contralateral inferior colliculi project to the external cortex. Somatic sensory influences from the dorsal column nuclei and spinal trigeminal nucleus are the primary ascending sensory input to the external cortex; ascending auditory input to layer 2 is sparse. If the immunopositive modular neurons receive this input, the external cortex could participate in spatial orientation and somatic motor control through its intrinsic and extrinsic projections.
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PMID:A periodic network of neurochemical modules in the inferior colliculus. 1475 66


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