Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.9.3.1 (cytochrome oxidase)
 8,822 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The number of GABA-immunoreactive [GABA(+)] neurons and synapses was determined in functionally distinct subregions delineated as rich and poor in cytochrome oxidase (CO) in the visual cortex of adult macaque monkeys. The average numerical density (number per unit volume, Nv) of GABA(+) neurons and synapses was not significantly different between the CO-rich and -poor regions. Twenty percent of the total number of cortical neurons and 17% of the synapses were GABA(+). On average, each visual cortical neuron receives 3900 synapses, 660 of them being GABA(+). The latter were distributed on the target cell in a pattern that predicts the site of GABA influences in cortex. The major targets of GABA(+) synapses were dendritic shafts, comprising nearly two-thirds of the postsynaptic elements. About every fourth and every eighth GABA(+) synapse was devoted to dendritic spines and to neuronal somata, respectively. Axon initial segments, although the exclusive targets of GABA(+) cells, comprise less than 0.1% of structures postsynaptic to GABA(+) boutons. From this distribution, we estimate that in each cubic millimeter of striate cortex there were about 20 million GABA(+) synapses on dendritic spines, 47 million on dendritic trunks, 9 million on somata, and fewer than 0.1 million on axon initial segments. The sites of influences of GABA-immunonegative [GABA(-)] synapses were different in that they target mainly dendritic spines and dendritic trunks. About two-thirds of GABA(-) synapses were on dendritic spines, and the remainder were devoted to dendritic trunks. Only a minute fraction innervate somata. We estimate that in 1 mm3 of striate cortex there were about 235 million GABA(-) synapses on spines, 133 million on dendrites, and about 2 million on somata. The proportions of GABA(+) neurons and synapses and their target distribution did not appreciably differ from those of the visual cortex of the cat even though the numerical density of neurons was 2.5 times higher in the monkey.
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PMID:Quantitative distribution of GABA-immunopositive and -immunonegative neurons and synapses in the monkey striate cortex (area 17). 133 Jan 21

Quantitative histochemistry (scanning microphotometry) was used to determine the activities of the mitochondrial enzymes NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.41), L-glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3) and GABA transaminase (EC 2.6.1.19) in various layers of the hippocampus (middle one third) of young (3-4 months old) and memory-impaired aged rats (28-30 months old). For comparison, determinations of cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) as a marker for mitochondria and energy metabolism were also performed. The study showed that there was a layered reaction pattern in the hippocampus and that the cellular distribution and the levels of enzyme activity were different. However, the activities of the different enzymes (excepting GABA transaminase and cytochrome c oxidase) were significantly correlated in the hippocampus in both age groups. Age-dependent changes were only observed for NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase and GABA transaminase (significant increases of activities in some layers of the hippocampus, preferentially in the terminal field of the perforant path). From the present study it is concluded that, 1. the enzymatic complement of mitochondria in neurons and glia depends upon layer specific metabolic processes of the hippocampus (also with respect to glutamatergic and GABAergic terminal fields) indicating a layer specific interaction of the enzymes studied to produce or catabolize glutamate and GABA, and 2. the age dependent changes of the studied enzymes are very restricted.
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PMID:Mitochondrial enzymes related to glutamate and GABA metabolism in the hippocampus of young and aged rats: a quantitative histochemical study. 134 64

Adult monkey sensorimotor cortex consists of several structurally and functionally distinct areas. The developmental sequence through which the characteristic architectonic features and the borders of these areas become resolved was examined in a series of fetal, postnatal and adult monkeys by using Nissl staining, cytochrome oxidase and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, and immunocytochemistry for GABA and the neuropeptides somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, substance P and cholecystokinin. At the youngest fetal age examined (E110), the pre- and postcentral gyri possess six clearly delineated cellular layers; populations of GABA- and neuropeptide-immunoreactive cells can be identified, but their somatic sensory cortex at E110 lacks areal cytoarchitectonic parcellation. Despite the apparent homogeneity in the cytoarchitecture of the somatic sensory cortex, incipient areal borders are revealed by staining for cytochrome oxidase and acetylcholinesterase activity, and by staining immunocytochemically for several neuropeptides. The motor cortex at E110 differs from that in adults by the presence of a prominent layer IV; a clear cytoarchitectonic border between areas 3a and 4 is detectable at E110, which is also revealed by chemoarchitectonic markers. With increasing age, the characteristic architectonic features gradually emerge and areal cytoarchitectonic borders appear, becoming adult-like by early postnatal ages. The gradual changes in cytoarchitecture are paralleled by redistributions of GABA- and neuropeptide-immunoreactive cells and fiber plexuses. The data demonstrate that the progressive refinement in cytoarchitectonic features and in the distributions of neurotransmitter- and peptide-containing cells occurs primarily during the latter third of gestation. The major changes are temporally coincident with the ingrowth of afferent axonal systems, suggesting that the establishment of connectivity may be capable of modulating finer details of structural or molecular phenotype, particularly intra-areal cytoarchitectonic features and neurotransmitter or peptide expression.
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PMID:The emergence of architectonic field structure and areal borders in developing monkey sensorimotor cortex. 171 47

GABA and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) immunoreactivities were examined in dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN) of normal monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and in monkeys that had one eye injected with tetrodotoxin (TTX) or one eye removed 5 days to 4 weeks prior to sacrifice. As seen in previous studies (Wong-Riley and Carroll 1984) monocular TTX injections or enucleation quickly reduced cytochrome oxidase (CO) staining in layers 2, 3 and 5 of the ipsilateral LGN and in layers 1, 4 and 6 of the contralateral LGN. The reduction in CO staining was apparent at all survival times examined. By contrast, GABA and GAD immunostaining in the LGNs were qualitatively normal up to two weeks following enucleation or after 17 days of TTX injections. Quantitative and stereological analyses confirmed that the numerical density and proportion of GABA and GAD neurons do not change in the LGN following two weeks of denervation or deprivation, even though in the same monkeys a reduction in GABA immunostaining was found in deprived-eye columns of area 17. However, with longer survivals, of 3-4 weeks in duration, the number of GABA and GAD immunostained neurons in the deprived/denervated-eye laminae of the LGN was reduced by one-third. These findings demonstrate that the deprivation-induced reduction in GABA and GAD immunoreactivity is delayed in the LGN, by comparison with the visual cortex, and suggest that the effects in the LGN may be relayed through the cortex or that neurotransmitter levels may be regulated by different mechanisms in the two sites.
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PMID:Delayed reduction in GABA and GAD immunoreactivity of neurons in the adult monkey dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus following monocular deprivation or enucleation. 175 98

The ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of the monkey thalamus was investigated with correlative anatomical and physiological techniques. On the basis of staining for cytochrome oxidase (CO), VPM is divided into a lightly stained, background matrix domain and an intensely stained rod domain. The latter consists of elongated rods of large, medium, and small cells, 500 microns wide on average and extending anteroposteriorly, many of them through the full extent of the nucleus. The matrix, consisting of small cells, penetrates between the rods and expands at the dorsomedial, ventrolateral, and posterior aspects of VPM. Multiunit mapping reveals that VPM contains a dorsally situated representation of the contralateral side of the head, face, eye, and interior of the mouth and a medially situated representation of the ipsilateral side of the lips and interior of the mouth, and that the same small region is represented in the same relative position through the full anteroposterior extent of the nucleus. Earlier work had shown that single CO rods contain the representation of the same portion of the periphery throughout their length. The present study suggests that rods in equivalent positions may represent the same portion of the periphery from animal to animal. The cells of the rod and matrix domains show different patterns of immunoreactivity. Virtually all of the large- and medium-sized rod cells are immunoreactive for the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin, and many are stained by the monoclonal antibody CAT 301. Small GABA-immunoreactive cells and terminal-like puncta are highly concentrated in the rods but are dispersed in the matrix. In the matrix, all non-GABA cells are small, immunoreactive for 28-kDa calbindin, and not stained by CAT 301. They appear to form part of a wider system of calbindin-positive cells that extends into adjacent nuclei. The CO rods are indicative of the modularity of the lemniscal component of the trigeminal part of the somatic sensory system at thalamic levels. Thalamocortical relay neurons in this compartment of VPM express a calcium-binding protein and a surface proteoglycan that distinguishes them from relay neurons in the matrix compartment of the nucleus. In the following paper (Rausell and Jones, 1991), the rod and matrix compartments are shown also to have different patterns of input and output connections.
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PMID:Histochemical and immunocytochemical compartments of the thalamic VPM nucleus in monkeys and their relationship to the representational map. 184 10

Much attention has been paid to the effect of various types of neonatally induced retinal insults on neurons of the cat lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Little is known about cellular adjustment to functional alterations commencing in the adult. The present study was aimed at examining the effect of monocular enucleation or retinal impulse blockade on mature neurons of the cat LGN and perigeniculate nucleus. In addition to labeling the relay neurons with cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry and immunohistochemistry, and presumed interneurons with GABA immunohistochemistry, the two markers were also combined in the same section. The results showed that GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the LGN can be subdivided into two major groups: highly immunoreactive neurons (Hir) and moderately immunoreactive neurons (Mir). These two groups differed slightly in their size and CO levels. With monocular enucleation or TTX treatment, there was a reduction in the numerical density of Hir and a concomitant increase in Mir in the affected laminae. However, there was no evidence of a reduction in GABA immunoreactivity in neurons of the perigeniculate nucleus. With regard to relay cells our data were in agreement with our previous findings (Kageyama & Wong-Riley, 1985) that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between cell size and CO levels, so that neurons with large cross-sectional areas were predominately darkly reactive for CO (DCO), while medium-to-small neurons were mainly moderate to lightly reactive (M/LCO). After monocular enucleation or TTX injections, the numerical density and size of DCO were significantly reduced, while those of M/LCO were proportionally increased in the affected laminae, indicating a conversion of some DCO to M/LCO. The results indicate that the maintenance of CO levels in predominately the large relay cells and GABA levels in a subclass of small neurons of the mature cat LGN are activity-dependent and are highly sensitive to retinal insults.
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PMID:Effect of monocular enucleation or impulse blockage on gamma-aminobutyric acid and cytochrome oxidase levels in neurons of the adult cat lateral geniculate nucleus. 185 Oct 37

The morphology and distribution of neurons labeled specifically by the lectin, Vicia villosa (VVA), were examined in striate cortex of adult macaque monkeys. Following incubation with VVA conjugated to histochemical markers, fine punctate reaction product appears to cover the surface of the soma and proximal dendrites of a population of cortical neurons. Although a small number of VVA-labeled cells are located in layers 2, 3A, 5, and 6, approximately 75% are located in a strip of cortex overlying layers 3B through 4Ca. Layers 1 and 4C beta are virtually devoid of labeled cells. The morphology of labeled cells varies throughout the layers. In the supragranular layers, the labeled cells generally display a round or multipolar soma with a small number of radially disposed dendrites. In deeper layers, labeled cells are multipolar or horizontal, and their proximal dendrites are often more densely labeled. There is no clear correlation between the distribution of labeled cells and the pattern of cytochrome oxidase staining in supragranular layers. Double labeling of single sections for VVA and for GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) immunoreactivity revealed that most VVA-labeled cells are also immunoreactive for GABA. The double-labeled cells comprise approximately 30% of all GABA immunoreactive cells. Soma size analysis of double-labeled cells shows that medium-to-large GABA cells in each layer are labeled by VVA. The soma size, laminar distribution, and morphology of the VVA-labeled GABA cells suggest that they include the large basket cells originally observed in Golgi preparations.
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PMID:The lectin Vicia villosa labels a distinct subset of GABAergic cells in macaque visual cortex. 248 38

Layers II/III of the primary visual cortex contain a regular pattern of histochemically detectable cytochrome oxidase (CO)-rich "puffs," which differ from the interpuff regions in their thalamo-cortical and cortico-cortical connectivity, receptive-field properties, and the density of inhibitory GABA-containing synaptic terminals. We used an immunocytochemical method, in combination with cytochrome oxidase histochemistry, to analyze the spatial relationship between neurons that contain neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the CO puffs. Of a total of 606 neurons, only 2.6% of the NPY-containing cells are located in the puffs, whereas the rest are situated in the interpuffs, or at the interface between puffs and interpuffs. The number of NPY-containing neurons in the puffs is substantially less than that expected in an equal volume of the interpuffs (X2 = 13.86; df = 1; P less than 0.001). These observations indicate that columns containing the puffs may differ also from those in the interpuff regions in that they contain a unique array of chemically and morphologically distinct local circuit neurons.
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PMID:Neuropeptide Y-containing neurons are situated predominantly outside cytochrome oxidase puffs in macaque visual cortex. 256 44

Levels of the inhibitory transmitter, GABA, and its synthesizing enzyme, GAD, appear to be regulated in the visual cortex of young adult monkeys in an activity-dependent manner. In monkeys subjected to monocular deprivation by eye removal, tetrodotoxin injection, or eyelide suture, the number of GABA and GAD immunoreactive neurons in deprived-eye columns of the cortex is reduced by up to 50%. This effect is unaccompanied by cell death and is reversible. After cessation of TTX injection or reopening of the eyes, the number of immunostained cells returns to normal. The effect appears after 4-5 days of eye removal or tetrodotoxin injection, but only after 7-16 weeks of eyelid suture. In the latter case, it is more severe in the younger monkeys. The reversible reduction in GABA and GAD immunostaining extends out of layer IVC into lay IVA and to neurons around but not in cytochrome oxidase periodicities of layer III. This may indicate selective vulnerability of GABA cells sensitive to high spatial frequency.
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PMID:Activity-dependent regulation of GABA expression in the visual cortex of adult monkeys. 327 85

The monoclonal antibody Cat-301 was used to examine neurons in the cerebral cortex and dorsal thalamus of several mammalian species, including Old World monkeys, cats, bush babies, guinea pigs, and rats. In each species, subpopulations of cortical and thalamic neurons are stained along the surfaces of their somata and proximal dendrites. Cat-301-positive cortical neurons include specific groups of pyramidal cells (e.g., corticospinal but not corticobulbar or callosal neurons in the monkey sensory-motor areas) and certain GABA-immunoreactive nonpyramidal cells. In the thalamus, the relay neurons projecting to the cortex and not the intrinsic neurons are stained. The Cat-301-positive neurons are nonhomogeneously distributed in the cat and monkey cortex and thalamus. In the cortex, they are densely packed in 2 bands that in most areas include layers III and V, but that in primary sensory areas include layers IV and VI. Because the density of stained neurons, their distribution, and the intensity of their staining vary among cortical areas, the borders between neighboring areas can often be detected by the differences in Cat-301 staining. Broader, regional differences are also readily apparent, for areas in the parietal and occipital lobes contain large numbers of intensely stained cells, but most areas in the frontal and temporal lobes contain fewer, more lightly stained neurons. The same broad differences are seen within the thalamus: only those nuclei reciprocally connected with intensely stained cortical areas contain large numbers of Cat-301-positive neurons. Differences among species include variations in cell density and distribution when a given cortical area or thalamic nucleus is compared between cats and monkeys. Greater differences are seen among the other species. Immunoreactive neurons in the cerebral cortex are sparse and lightly stained in guinea pigs, are restricted to the hippocampal formation in rats, and are very rare and isolated in bush babies. Similarly, Cat-301-positive thalamic neurons are restricted to only one or 2 nuclei in the guinea pig and rat and are extremely rare in the bush baby. Cat-301 stains organized groups of neurons in the cat and monkey cortex and thalamus. In addition to the laminar organization of stained cells in all cortical areas (see above), the Cat-301-positive neurons of monkey areas 17 and 18 are grouped into radial arrays. In area 17, clusters of stained cells are present in layers above and below layer IVC. These clusters lie at the centers of ocular dominance columns, within patches stained for cytochrome oxidase (CO). Most of these cells are also GABA-immunoreactive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Neuronal populations stained with the monoclonal antibody Cat-301 in the mammalian cerebral cortex and thalamus. 333 29


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