Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.9.3.1 (cytochrome oxidase)
8,822 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The epithelial cells in the taste buds of C. jacchus and C. penicillata show a moderate amount of ribonucleic acid an a concentration of a PAS-positive diastase-resistant material at their apical part. These cells are devoid of UDPG-GT, phosphorylases, G-6-PA, alanyl aminopeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase, cholinesterase and MAO; they present a weak reaction of F-1, 6-P Ald, LDH, SDH, MDH, cytochrome oxidase, beta-OHBDH, nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase and a stronger reaction to ADH, NADPH2-TR, ATPases, alpha-GPDH, alkaline phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase and GDH. Although some enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase and ATPases) have an almost uniform reactivity by the several taste buds, the other ones react with a lesser intensity in the smaller uniform reactivity by the several taste buds, the other ones react with a lesser intensity in the smaller taste buds of the fungiform papillae. As a rule the apical part of the cells shows a stronger enzymatic reactivity. The taste buds of the marmosets are penetrated by acetylcholinesterase positive nerve fibers whereas the autonomic ganglia in the connective tissue contain both-acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase.
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PMID:Histochemical observations on the taste buds of the marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata). 15 39

Neurochemical and psychopharmacological studies of rats were designed to examine four hypotheses which have been proposed to account for the development of behavioral tolerance to the anticholinesterase, diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). The fact that the activity of the enzymes, adenosine triphosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and cytochrome oxidase, did not change concomitantly with behavioral measures during chronic treatment with DFP suggests that nonspecific metabolic changes are unlikely mechanisms of behavioral tolerance. Similarly, a lack of change in choline acetylase activity coupled with constantly high acetylcholine levels (140%) and low cholinesterase activity (28.5%) tends to eliminate end-product inhibition of acetylcholine synthesis as a primary mechanism of tolerance to DFP. Alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine in doses to 150 mg/kg affected the behaviors of control and DFP-treated rats to a comparable degree, offering no support for the hypothesis that a redundant adrenergic system may replace the cholinergic system during the development of tolerance to DFP. In contrast to these various negative findings, pilocarpine was less effective in suppressing the responding of rats tolerant to DFP than that of control subjects. This confirms other evidence indicating that a decreased sensitivity of cholinergic (muscarinic) receptors is one mechanism underlying the development of tolerance to DFP.
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PMID:Experimental tests of hypotheses about neurochemical mechanisms underlying behavioral tolerance to the anticholinesterase, diisopropyl fluorophosphate. 16 30

The topography of the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, monoaminoxidase and esterase was studied in the arc of the aorta of the monkey, dog, cat, rabbit, rat. It was established that terminal portions of baroreceptors were accumulators of the activity of enzymes of the succinoxidase system connected with the mitochondria of a nervous component of sensory endings and the activity of cholinesterase localized in the zone of terminal branches of the baroreceptors fibres in the underlying specialized tissue. The activity of monoaminoxidase was found in the cytoplasm of Schwann cells of the baroreceptor fibres. No specific esterase was revealed in the baroceptors of the aorta arc of the animals in question. The enzymic organization of the cat's aorta baroreceptors is different from that of the other animals.
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PMID:[Enzymochemical organization of aortic baroreceptors]. 17 5

The specific activity of markers-enzymes in the subcellular fractions of the rabbit visual analyzer cortical end, the synaptosomes and mitochondria of nerve cells, changed under the effect of early long deprivation. For cytochromoxidase and Na+, K+-ATPase it lowers considerably in all subfractions, for monoaminoxidase and Mg2+-ATPase it rises mainly in synaptosomes; the activity of acetyl cholinesterase lowers per 1 g of tissue. In the light two weeks later a tendency is observed to normalization of the studied indexes. The specific activity of cytochrome oxidase (except for free mitochondria) and Na+, K+-ATPase reaches the control, that of monoaminoxidase also partially normalizes, but not competely; Mg2+ATPase in all the subfractions is more inhibited than in the control. This evidences for the effect of light deprivation on the activity of the enzymes associated with different cycles of metabolic processes, first of all, of oxidation and ion transport. These changes are reversible when visual impulsation is recovered. Disturbances in chemism at the subcellular level are specific for different enzymic systems and are not the same in certain subfractions of great hemispheres.
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PMID:[Effect of light deprivation on enzymic activity of synaptosomes and mitochondria of rabbit cortex visual region]. 19 70

The activity of mitochondrial enzymes (succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase) and enzymes associated with blood-brain barrier function (butyrylcholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase) in the CNS of rats was studied from 5 minutes to 62 hours after cerebral concussion. There was a transient increase in succinic dehydrogenase activity during the first hour after concussion in the neurons of the structures close to the impact. The alkaline phosphatase activity, strongly positive in the walls of normal blood vessels, decreased within five minutes after concussion; it virtually disappeared in 15 minutes but returned to normal level after 62 hours. These findings are in good correlation with previous electron microscopic observations. Their significance is discussed.
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PMID:Experimental cerebral concussion. A histochemical study. 22 54

The approximative lethal dose of triacetin and diethylene glycole acetate is determined after the method of Deihmann and Leblanc. Experiments are conducted on white rats to establish the acute and subacute oral, dermal and inhalatory toxicity of the two substances. Changes in weight, liver and kidneys weight coefficient, hematopoiesis and hepatic function (biochemical and pathomorphological), as well as the stimulating effect on mucosa and skin are studied. The results of the study show a weak stimulating action on mucosa and skin, and insignificant cumulation. Emphasis is laid on the functional character of changes in the values of some enzymes -- alkaline phosphatase, cytochrome oxidase, cholinesterase -- and of the pathomorphologically established parenchymatous dystrophy. Presumably, it is a matter of changes more strongly manifested in imported triacetin. The conclusion is reached that imported triacetin may be substituted for lokally produced diethylene glycoldiacetate which proves to be with a lower acute and subacute toxicity.
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PMID:[Comparative toxicity of triacetin and diethylene glycol diacetate]. 61 56

The structure and histochemistry of the palmar and plantar skin were studied in four adult male marmosets (two Callithrix jacchus and two Callithrix penicillata). In this skin there exist well-developed epidermal ridges, to which are attached one or two ducts of sweat glands. A thick stratum corneum can be seen in the epidermis, while a distinct stratum lucidum cannot be isolated from the other layers. The stratum granulosum is constituted by one or three layers of cells containing keratohyalin granules. Melanin granulations are mainly concentrated in the basal cells of the epidermal ridges. Dendritic melanocytes and amelanotic melanocytes containing alkaline phosphatase are found among the epidermal cells. Glycogen, UDPG-GT and phosphorylases are mainly present in the middle and lower Malpighian cells of the epidermal ridges. Alkaline phosphatase, ATPase, alanyl amino-peptidase and leucine aminopeptidase were absent in the epidermal cells. SDH, cytochrome oxidase, MAO and a certain number of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases (LDH, ADH, MDH, alpha-GPDH, beta-OHBDH and GDH) showed a stronger reactivity in the basal cells and Malpighian layer. The NADP-dependent enzymes (G-6-PDH, 6-PGDH, cis-aconistase and ICDH) were more reactive in the upper Malpighian layer and stratum granulosum. The stratum corneum showed some acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase reactivity. The collagenous fibers intertwined with a small number of very thin elastic ones and a larger amount of reticular fibers run almost parallel to the epidermal ridges in the papillary body. In the reticular dermis some fibers are disposed transversely to the epidermal ridges. Meissner corpuscles reactive to butyrylcholinesterase, acetylcholinesterase, nonspecific esterase and G-6-PA are disposed at regular intervals and frequently at each side of the epidermal ridges. Pacinian corpuscles were found only in the hypodermis. The eccrine sweat glands contain glycogen, UDPG-GT and phosphorylase in their secretory, ductal and myoepithelial cells. The secretory part shows a uniform reactivity for every dehydrogenase because it contains only one type of cells (clear cells). The intraepidermal segment of the ducts shows a stronger reactivity to nonspecific esterase and NADP-dependent dehydrogenases than the epithelial cells around it.
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PMID:The skin of the palms and soles of the marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata). 82 86

The dermal cells in grey, xanthic, and white goldfish integuments were cytochemically characterized for the following enzymatic activities: tyrosinase, DOPA-oxidase, cytochrome oxidase, monoamine oxidase, peroxidase, non-specific esterase, cholinesterase, NAD-diaphorase, NADP-diaphorase, aryl sulfatase, nucleotide phosphodiesterase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, thiamine pyrophosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, aldolase, as well as succinate, malate, isocitrate, glutamate, glucose-6-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate, alpha-glycerophosphate, alcohol, lactate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenases. It was found that the epidermis was a significant barrier to the access of cytochemical reaction substrates. Removal of the epidermal barrier provided dermal cell localizations of enzymatic activities which were reproducible. Further, alterations in reaction times and temperatures from the mammalian methodology provided conditions fe various integumental cells were compared for possible interrelationships. The basic foundations for future work with the dermis of poikilothermic vertebrates on an experimental basis were established. In addition, a previously undescribed non-pigmented dermal cell, the "x"-cell, was found to have enzymatic characteristics similar to both melanophores and lipophores. The "x"-cell may be the common precursor of both types of pigment cells.
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PMID:Cytochemical characterization of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) dermis with special reference to the pigment cells. 82 86

A lattice of high oxidative metabolic activity occurs in the intermediate gray layer of the human, monkey, and cat superior colliculus. It is composed of a matrix of high enzyme activity that surrounds pale islands or bands of lower activity. In the human the pale bands are 300-400 micron wide while in the smaller colliculi of the monkey and cat they are 100-200 micron wide. The lattice was demonstrated by studying either cytochrome oxidase or succinate dehydrogenase. In the cat and monkey the lattice occurs at the same depth as the lattice of intense acetylcholinesterase activity, but the two lattices are not in spatial register. In the human the lattice of high oxidative metabolic activity is in the middle of the intermediate gray layer, whereas the lattice of intensely stained cholinesterase activity is at the base of this layer, but again the two lattices are not in spatial register. However, in the middle of the intermediate gray layer of the human, there are elongated islands and bands of very low acetylcholinesterase activity that coincide with the pale islands and bands of low cytochrome oxidase activity. An additional lattice of high enzyme activity occurs based on the enzyme nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form)-diaphorase. This lattice is prominent in the cat, occurs more faintly in the monkey, but did not appear to be present in the human. In the intermediate gray layer it had a high degree of overlap with the acetylcholinesterase lattice. The lattice of high oxidative metabolism contains loosely knit clusters of large multipolar cells containing high cytochrome oxidase activity and these cells do not occur in the pale islands. By contrast the cell bodies in the intermediate gray layer that contain either acetylcholinesterase or the diaphorase occur both between and within the patches of corresponding, high enzyme activity. It is suggested that the acetylcholinesterase and diaphorase lattices are mainly associated with afferent fibers while the lattice of high oxidative metabolism is mainly associated with intrinsic cells. The lattices occur in all mammals studied to date and appear to represent a fundamental principle in the organization of the mammalian colliculus. It is concluded that the lattices will provide a useful basis for further studies of the relationship between the many afferent and efferent modules thought to exist in this structure.
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PMID:Lattices of high histochemical activity occur in the human, monkey, and cat superior colliculus. 284 Jun 1

The distribution of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase in primary visual areas of adult pigmented ferret was determined with cholinesterase histochemistry and choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry. In all visual areas the distribution of acetylcholinesterase in the neuropil closely matches that of choline acetyltransferase. In the cerebral cortex acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase are associated with axons found in every cortical layer and in the white matter. Area 17, identified by Nissl architectonics and cytochrome oxidase histochemistry, is distinguished by having a relatively low density of choline acetyltransferase- and acetylcholinesterase-stained axons in layer IV. Certain cortical non-pyramidal cell types show moderate staining for acetylcholinesterase after relatively long incubations, but no choline acetyltransferase-positive cells are observed in the cortex. In the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus the levels of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase are considerably higher than in cerebral cortex, and choline acetyltransferase-stained axons there display prominent varicosities. The distribution of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in the neuropil of lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus of ferret shows marked laminar variation. For instance, in the lateral geniculate nucleus, the levels of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase in the "On" sublaminae of laminae A and A1 are higher than the "Off" sublaminae. In the superficial layers of the superior colliculus the levels of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase are highest in the stratum zonale and lowest in the stratum opticum; in the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus acetylcholinesterase- and choline acetyltransferase-stained fibres are distributed into dense patches. As in cortex, choline acetyltransferase-positive cell bodies are not found in the lateral geniculate nucleus or superior colliculus, and acetylcholinesterase-stained cell bodies are visible only after long incubations. Cell bodies staining positively for choline acetyltransferase are found in a satellite of the superior colliculus, the parabigeminal nucleus.
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PMID:Cholinergic innervation of ferret visual system. 303 24


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