Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.9.3.1 (cytochrome oxidase)
8,822 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that prenatal damage to vibrissae follicles results in significant increases in the brainstem representations of the remaining vibrissae as demonstrated by staining for the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome oxidase (CO). Because CO is primarily a postsynaptic marker, these results do not directly address the question of whether there were changes in the projections of primary afferent fibers. To address this issue, we made intra-axonal recordings from individual vibrissa-related primary afferents in rats that sustained damage to vibrissae follicles on embryonic day 17, and then injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into these axons to visualize their terminal arbors in the brainstem at the level of trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris (SpI). All vibrissae-related primary afferents responded to deflection of one and only one vibrissa, and the terminal arbors of axons (N = 47) recovered from animals that sustained fetal peripheral lesions were significantly larger than those (N = 23) from normal rats. Fibers from fetally damaged animals had increased total fiber lengths and numbers of branch points. These results indicate that reduced competition among primary afferent axons results in increases in the terminal arbors that remain. These increases occur without any significant alteration in their peripheral receptive fields.
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PMID:Evidence for prenatal competition among the central arbors of trigeminal primary afferent neurons: single axon analysis. 792 3

The retinal innervation, cytoarchitectural, and immunohistochemical organization of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was studied in the domestic sheep. The SCN is a large elongated nucleus extending rostrocaudally for roughly 3 mm in the hypothalamus. The morphology is unusual in that the rostral part of the nucleus extends out of the main mass of the hypothalamus onto the dorsal aspect of the optic chiasm. Following intraocular injection of wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase or tritiated amino acids, anterograde label is distributed throughout the SCN. Retinal innervation of the SCN is bilaterally symmetric or predominantly ipsilateral. Quantitative image analysis demonstrates that, although the amount of autoradiographic label is greatest in the ventral and central parts of the nucleus, density varies progressively between different regions. In addition to the SCN, retinal fibers are also seen in the medial preoptic area, the anterior and lateral hypothalamic area, the dorsomedial hypothalamus, the retrochiasmatic area, and the basal telencephalon. Whereas the SCN can be identified using several techniques, complete delineation of the nucleus requires combined tract tracing, cytoarchitectural, and histochemical criteria. Compared with the surrounding hypothalamic regions, the SCN contains smaller, more densely packed neurons, and is largely devoid of myelinated fibers. Cell soma sizes are smaller in the ventral SCN than in the dorsal or lateral parts, but an obvious regional transition is lacking. Using Nissl, myelin, acetylcholinesterase, and cytochrome oxidase staining, the SCN can be clearly distinguished in the rostral and medial regions, but is less differentiated toward the caudal pole. Immunohistochemical demonstration of several neuropeptides shows that the neurochemical organization of the sheep SCN is heterogeneous, but that it lacks a distinct compartmental organization. Populations of different neuropeptide-containing cells are found throughout the nucleus, although perikarya positive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and fibers labeled for methionine-enkephalin are predominant ventrally; neurophysin-immunoreactive cells are more prominent in the dorsal region and toward the caudal pole. The results suggest that the intrinsic organization of the sheep SCN is characterized by gradual regional transitions between different zones.
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PMID:The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the sheep: retinal projections and cytoarchitectural organization. 795 5

The distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), NADH dehydrogenase (NADHd), and cytochrome oxidase (CO) was determined in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) in the golden hamster. Histochemical staining was compared to cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the NST (Whitehead: J. Comp. Neurol. 276:547-572, 1988) and to terminal fields of primary afferents of the nerves that innervate the tongue. These three histochemical methods resulted in differential staining patterns within the NST that were related to certain subdivisions. Transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to determine the central projections of the chorda tympani (CT), the lingual branch of the trigeminal (L-V), and the lingual-tonsilar branch of the glossopharyngeal nerves (L-IX). Alternate or the same brain sections were processed to reveal transported HRP, and NADHd or AChE levels. Increased staining of the neuropil with NADHd and AChE was coincident with the dense part of the afferent terminal fields of all three nerves in the NST and the laterally adjacent dorsomedial part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. CO showed this pattern only for the most rostral part of the CT field. The densest AChE staining coincided with gustatory afferent terminal fields. The histochemical staining facilitated the interpretation of the organization of the NST. For example, at caudal levels of the gustatory NST, it is suggested that taste processing is localized predominantly in the medial part of the rostral central, and somatosensory processing in the rostral lateral subdivision. AChE or NADHd staining should facilitate studies of connections, topography, and neuroplastic changes of the gustatory NST.
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PMID:Organization of the nucleus of the solitary tract in the hamster: acetylcholinesterase, NADH dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase histochemistry. 824 61

The organization of the inferior pulvinar complex (PI) in squirrel monkeys was studied with histochemical localization of the calcium binding proteins calbindin-D28k and parvalbumin, and of cytochrome oxidase. With each of these markers, the inferior pulvinar complex can be subdivided into four distinct regions. Calbindin-D28k immunoreactivity is densely distributed in cells and neuropil within PI, except for a distinct centromedially located gap. This calbindin-poor zone, termed the medial division of the inferior pulvinar (PIM), corresponds precisely to a region that contains elevated cytochrome oxidase activity and parvalbumin immunostaining. The PIM extends slightly above and behind the classically defined limit of the inferior pulvinar, the corticotectal tract. Regions of inferior pulvinar with intense immunostaining for calbindin-D28k were the posterior division of the inferior pulvinar (PIP, medial to PIM) and the central division (PIC, lateral to PIM). A newly recognized lateral region, PIL, adjoins the lateral geniculate nucleus and stains more lightly for calbindin and parvalbumin immunoreactivity and for cytochrome oxidase. Staining patterns for calbindin, parvalbumin, and cytochrome oxidase in the pulvinar of rhesus monkeys closely resemble those shown in squirrel monkey inferior pulvinar, suggesting that a common organization exists in all primates. In order to examine cortical connection patterns of the histochemically defined compartments in the inferior pulvinar, injections of up to five neuroanatomical tracers (wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and fluorescent retrograde tracers) were placed in the same cerebral hemisphere. Single injection sites were in the middle temporal area (MT), and several separate injections were placed in a strip corresponding to the rostral subdivision of the dorsolateral area (DLr). Injections that involved only DLr and not MT labeled principally the PIC, and more sparsely PIP and PIL. DLr connections occupied a "shell" region dorsal to PIM that extended from PIC into the lateral and medial divisions of the pulvinar, PL and PM. Injection sites that included MT or were largely restricted to MT produced dense label in PIM and moderate label in PIC and PIL. The retinotopic organization within the inferior pulvinar was inferred from patterns of connections. Connections with cortex related most closely to central vision were found posteriorly in PIM and in adjacent portions of PIC as it wraps around the caudal pole of PIM. Cortex related to more peripheral locations in the lower visual field connected with more rostral PIM and PIC. Patterns of label within the portions of PL and PM that were immediately adjacent to PIM roughly paralleled those in PIM and PIC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Chemoarchitectonic subdivisions of the visual pulvinar in monkeys and their connectional relations with the middle temporal and rostral dorsolateral visual areas, MT and DLr. 825 7

Slow lorises (Nycticebus coucang) are nocturnal prosimian (i.e. strepsirhine) primates, closely related to bushbabies (Galago spp.). We examined the organization of visual cortex in four hemispheres from two slow lorises, using connectional and architectonic techniques. All hemispheres were flattened and sections stained for myelin and cytochrome oxidase (CO). Our results indicate, first, that the primary visual area (V1) in slow lorises has a system of small CO-dense blobs, as has been described in most other anthropoid and prosimian primates examined to date. The second visual area (V2) is characterized by broad, stripe-like zones of dense CO staining separated by zones of lighter staining. Loris V2 stripes are less distinct than those of anthropoid primates, and separate classes of thin and thick dark stripes are not apparent. However, V2 stripes are much better developed than in Galago, where they are virtually absent. Injections of wheat-germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in area V1 revealed reciprocal connections with area V2, and the middle temporal (MT) and dorsolateral (DL) extrastriate areas. Area MT was also identified by its distinctive, dense myelination. As has been reported in anthropoids, DL can be divided into separate caudal and rostral divisions, which differ in myelin and CO staining, and in the strength of their connections with V1. Taken together, our results suggest that many of the features that characterize visual cortex organization in anthropoid primates are present in prosimians and thus probably evolved early in primate history, prior to the diversification of modern primate groups.
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PMID:Areal, modular, and connectional organization of visual cortex in a prosimian primate, the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang). 827 99

1. Intra-axonal recording, receptive field mapping, horseradish peroxidase injection, cytochrome oxidase staining, and computer-assisted reconstruction/morphometric methods were used to elucidate the structure and topography of trigeminal primary afferent collaterals in the normal adult rat. Prior studies focused on trigeminal brain stem subnuclei interpolaris and caudalis. This work is extended here to the remaining 2 subnuclei, principalis (PrV) and oralis (SpVo), where collaterals from 66 axons in 37 adult rats were studied. In nine rats, three to five axons were stained for within-nucleus comparisons of different fibers. Quantitative analyses were restricted to vibrissa sensitive fibers. 2. All of the axons conducted rapidly with small, low-threshold receptive fields. The majority responded to vibrissa deflection (n = 47); the remainder responded to guard hair deflection; gentle pressure applied to hairy skin, glabrous skin, lingual mucosa, or an incisor; or jaw movement. All descended in the trigeminal sensory root where some bifurcated into ascending and descending branches. Each well-stained fiber gave rise to transversely oriented collaterals in PrV and SpVo. 3. Within PrV and SpVo, fibers with differing adaptation properties and receptive fields had indistinguishable collateral morphologies. Arbors from single axons were rostrocaudally discontinuous, small relative to collaterals in subnuclei interpolaris and caudalis, circumscribed and topographically organized in a manner consistent with cytochrome oxidase and bulk-labeled primary afferent staining patterns. In SpVo and caudal PrV, the map is inverted with the nose pointing medially. In rostral PrV, the map turns 90 degrees such that the nose points dorsally. 4. Axons had different quantitative properties along the rostrocaudal axis of the trigeminal brain stem complex. Whereas arbors subtended similar transverse areas throughout PrV and SpVo, collaterals in the rostral third of PrV had a relatively low bouton density. Arbors in the caudal two thirds of PrV had the highest bouton density. Arbors in SpVo tended to be more variable in size and shape than those of caudal PrV, and their bouton numbers were significantly lower than in PrV. 5. In PrV, arbors were largely confined to somatotopically corresponding cytochrome oxidase patches, precluding significant overlap of neighboring whisker projections. In SpVo, termination sites were not as strictly confined and numerous examples of within- and between-row overlap were obtained for whisker afferents in cases where multiple axons were stained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Morphology and topography of identified primary afferents in trigeminal subnuclei principalis and oralis. 829 63

Sodium azide (AZ) is a nitrovasodilator with diverse biochemical properties. We found that low doses of AZ led to a profound protective effect against postischemic, acute renal failure (ARF) in rats. AZ, given at 250 micrograms/kg iv, before 25 min of renal artery occlusion (RAO) and again before reperfusion, conferred almost complete protection against loss of kidney function determined 18 h after RAO. The effect of AZ was evidenced by a higher creatinine clearance (+348%) and lower levels of blood urea nitrogen (-69%) and histological renal damage (-50%) compared with ischemic control animals. Indexes of kidney function in AZ-treated animals subjected to RAO were not significantly different from those of nonischemic control animals. Two other nitrovasodilators, sodium nitroprusside and hydralazine, at doses which produced decreases in blood pressure similar to that of AZ, were ineffective at preventing ARF. The beneficial effect of AZ may be due to its known ability to inhibit one or more enzymes including adenosinetriphosphatase, cytochrome-c oxidase, and myeloperoxidase.
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PMID:Sodium azide protects against ischemia-induced acute renal failure in rats. 834 10

This study used biocytin and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to examine the intrinsic connections of the cytochrome oxidase (CO) rich blob and CO poor nonblob zones within layer III of striate cortex in two primate species, nocturnal prosimian bush babies (Galago crassicaudatus) and diurnal simian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Our main objective was to determine whether separate classes of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells projected to separate superficial layer zones or layers in either species. There were three significant findings. First, we confirm that layer III consists of three sublayers, IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC in both species. Layer IIIA receives input from layers IIIB, IIIC, and V, with little or no input from LGN recipient layers IV and VI. Layer IIIB receives its input from nearly every cortical layer. Layer IIIC, receives input principally from layers IV alpha [which receives its input from magnocellular (M) LGN cells] and from layers V and VI. Taken together with other findings on the extrinsic connections of these layers, our data suggest that IIIA and IIIC provide output to separate hierarchies of visual areas and IIIB acts as a set of interneurons. Second, we find that, as in macaque monkeys, cells in both IV beta and IV alpha of bush babies and squirrel monkeys project to layer IIIB, converging within the blobs. These results suggest that information from all LGN cell classes [parvocellular (P), M, and the Koniocellular (K) or their equivalents] may be integrated within the blobs. Thus, blobs in all of these primates may perform a function that transcends visual niche differences. Third, our data show a species specific difference in the connections of the IIIB nonblobs; nonblobs receive indirect input via IV alpha from the LGN M pathway in bush babies but receive indirect input via IV beta from the LGN parvocellular (P) pathway in squirrel monkeys. These findings indicate that the role of nonblob zones within striate cortex differs from that of blob zones and takes into account visual niche differences.
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PMID:Intrinsic connections of layer III of striate cortex in squirrel monkey and bush baby: correlations with patterns of cytochrome oxidase. 838 22

Cortical connections of the dorsomedial visual area (DM) of owl monkeys were revealed with injections of the bidirectional tracer, wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP), or the retrograde fluorescent tracer, diamidino yellow. Microelectrode recordings in two cases identified DM as a systematic representation of the visual hemifield in a densely myelinated rectangle of cortex just rostral to the dorsomedial portion of the second visual area (V-II, or area 18). Cortex was flattened and cut parallel to the surface in all cases so that the myeloarchitectonic borders of DM and other areas such as the primary visual area (V-I or area 17), V-II or area 18, and the middle temporal visual area (MT) could be readily determined, and the surface view patterns of connections could be directly appreciated. The ipsilateral pattern of connections of DM were dense and visuotopically congruent with area 17, area 18, and MT, and moderate to dense connections were with the medial visual area (M), the rostral division of the dorsolateral visual area, the dorsointermediate area, the ventral posterior area, the caudal division of inferotemporal cortex (ITc), the ventral posterior parietal area, and visuomotor cortex of the frontal lobe. The connections of DM were concentrated in the cytochrome oxidase (CO)-dense blobs of area 17, the CO-dense bands of area 18, and the CO-dense regions of MT. Callosal connections of DM were with matched locations in DM in the opposite hemisphere, and with VPP. The ipsilateral connections of DM with area 17 were confirmed by injecting WGA-HRP into area 17 in one owl monkey. In addition to labelled cells and terminals in area 18 and MT, bidirectionally transported tracer was also apparent in DM. Evidence for the existence of DM in other primates was obtained by injecting area 17 and examining the areal patterns of connections and myeloarchitecture in three species of Old World monkeys, two additional species of New World monkeys, and prosimian galagos. In all of these primates, one of three major targets of area 17 was a densely myelinated zone of cortex just rostral to dorsomedial area 18, in the location of DM in owl monkeys. Thus, it seems likely that DM is a visual area common to all primates.
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PMID:The dorsomedial visual area of owl monkeys: connections, myeloarchitecture, and homologies in other primates. 840 63

Retinal projections and visual thalamo-cortical connections were studied in the subterranean mole rat, belonging to the superspecies Spalax ehrenbergi, by anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques. Quantitative image analysis was used to estimate the relative density and distribution of retinal input to different primary visual nuclei. The visual system of Spalax presents a mosaic of both regressive and progressive morphological features. Following intraocular injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugates, the retina was found to project bilaterally to all visual structures described as receiving retinal afferents in non-fossorial rodents. Structures involved in form analysis and visually guided behaviors are reduced in size by more than 90%, receive a sparse retinal innervation, and are cytoarchitecturally poorly differentiated. The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, as defined by cyto- and myelo-architecture, cytochrome oxidase, and acetylcholinesterase distribution as well as by afferent and efferent connections, consists of a narrow sheet 3-5 neurons thick, in the dorsal thalamus. Connections with visual cortex are topographically organized but multiple cortical injections result in widespread and overlapping distributions of geniculate neurons, thus indicating that the cortical map of visual space is imprecise. The superficial layers of the superior colliculus are collapsed to a single layer, and the diffuse ipsilateral distribution of retinal afferents also suggests a lack of precise retinotopic relations. In the pretectum, both the olivary pretectal nucleus and the nucleus of the optic tract could be identified as receiving ipsilateral and contralateral retinal projections. The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus is also bilaterally innervated, but distinct subdivisions of this nucleus or the intergeniculate leaflet could not be distinguished. The retina sends a sparse projection to the dorsal and lateral terminal nuclei of the accessory optic system. The medial terminal nucleus is not present. In contrast to the above, structures of the "non-image forming" visual pathway involved in photoperiodic perception are well developed in Spalax. The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives a bilateral projection from the retina and the absolute size, cytoarchitecture, density, and distribution of retinal afferents in Spalax are comparable with those of other rodents. A relatively hypertrophied retinal projection is observed in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Other regions which receive sparse visual input include the lateral and anterior hypothalamic areas, the retrochiasmatic region, the sub-paraventricular zone, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, the anteroventral and anterodorsal nuclei, the lateral habenula, the mediodorsal nucleus, and the basal telencephalon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Visual system of a naturally microphthalmic mammal: the blind mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi. 844 Jul 85


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