Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.9.3.1 (cytochrome oxidase)
 8,822 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Histochemical methods were used for the demonstration of activity of the following intracellular oxidative enzymes, unstudied hitherto, in the epithelial cells of the endostyle of the river lampre (Lampertr aluviatilis L.) ammocoetes: reduced NAD dehydrogenase (NADD), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), cytochrome oxidase (CO), succinate dehydrogenase (SD), alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alphaGPD) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). The activities of NADD and LD in the iodophil and throidogenic cells of type 3, then of subtype 2c and partly types 4 and 5 of the endostylar epithelium and the hypobranchial duct-lining epithelium were particularly ithe larva proves the possibility of their participation in the formation of the thyroid gland in the period of metamorphosis. In type 1 cells of the ammocoetes, despite their fairly strong enzymatic reactivity, the oxidative activity does not change significantly during the ontogenetic stages examined. The data obtained make it possible to modify the present views on the genesis of the thyroid gland of the adult lamprey, namely, they indicate the participation of the type 6 cells of the hypobranchial duct-lining epithelium in the process of thyroidogenesis.
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PMID:The ammocoetes endostyle: its oxidative enzymes as an evidence of its homology with the thyroid of higher chordates. 19 46

To determine the effect of long-term thyrotoxicosis on muscle mitochondria, we measured representative mitochondrial enzymes from three different types of skeletal muscle (fast-twitch red and fast-twitch white from the quadriceps, and slow-twitch red from the soleus) in rats given 3 mg L-thyroxine and 1 mg triiodo-L-thyronine per kilogram of diet for 12 wk. Marker enzymes of the electron transport chain and citric acid cycle (cytochrome oxidase, cytochrome c, and citrate synthase) increase approximately twofold in soleus muscle in response to this treatment. The fast-twitch muscles exhibit no more than 44% increases in these enzymes in response to the same treatment. Relative to initial concentration, 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase increased to the same extent in fast-twitch red muscle as it did in the soleus (70%). Mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase increased 76% in red quadriceps and 170% in soleus, but did not change in white muscle in the thyrotoxic rats. This differential sensitivity of the three types of muscle provides a tool for studying the mechanisms underlying the action of thyroid hormones on muscle mitochondria.
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PMID:Response of mitochondria of different types of skeletal muscle to thyrotoxicosis. 19 5

Eschscholtzia californica stigmas with germinating pollen at different stages of development were the subject of histochemical studies which aimed the localization of several enzymes like phosphorylase, leucine amino peptidase, nonspecific esterase, cytochrome oxidase, aldolase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase. Pollen and pollen tubes were shown to contain starch, lipid, proteins and soluble sugars as the storage products. These storage products were utilized during germination and tube growth. The role of different enzymes in the process of germination and tube growth is discussed. From the distribution of oxidoreductases it is inferred that respiration plays an essential role in the tube growth. During pollen germination probably the reserve proteins were transported to pollen tube tip. The increase of activity of alpha-and beta-galactosidase in pollen tubes indicates on their involvement in carbohydrate metabolism. The role of alpha-galactosidase in the metabolism of galactolipids is also inferred. Similarly, the reaction catalysed by beta-glucosidase resulted in the production of aglycon and glucose; of these the former possibly act as a substrate of peroxidase. Some of the glycosidases diffused out of pollen wall on the stigma and participated in the release of free sugars of the female tissue.
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PMID:Studies on the physiology of pollen and pollen tube growth. IV Eschscholtzia californica Cham. 22 Jan 58

Cytochrome oxidase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenase were measured in mitochondrial fractions obtained from rat soleus muscle of control and 8 week T3 + T4 treated animals. Under these conditions of prolonged treatment, there is a five-fold increase in the specific activities of both cytochrome oxidase and glycerole-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Significant increases in total cellular mitochondrial content and enzyme activities were observed in T3 + T4 treated animals as compared to controls. These results indicate that thyrotoxicosis can induce selective changes in mitochondrial enzymes in slow twitch red (Type I) muscle fibers.
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PMID:Effects of thyrotoxicosis on mitochondrial enzymes of rat soleus. 22 61

1. Seven fractions sedimenting at between 3000 and 120000g-min were prepared from a rat liver homogenate by differential centrifugation in buffered iso-osmotic sucrose. The following measurements were carried out on each of these fractions: Ruthenium Red-sensitive Ca(2+) transport in the absence and in the presence of P(i) as well as in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide to prevent P(i) cycling, succinate-supported respiration in the absence and in the presence of ADP, the DeltaE and -59 DeltapH components of the protonmotive force, cytochrome oxidase, uncoupler-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, P(i) content and the effect on the ;resting' rate of respiration of repeated additions of a fixed Ca(2+) concentration. 2. Ca(2+) transport either in the presence or in the absence of added P(i) and in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide exhibits significantly higher rates in the fraction sedimenting at 8000g-min. By contrast, respiration in the presence or in the absence of added ADP and the values for DeltaE and -59 DeltapH were similar in those fractions sedimenting between 4000 and 20000g-min, indicating that the driving force for Ca(2+) transport was similar in each of these fractions. 3. Experiments designed to determine the capacity of the individual fractions for Ca(2+), as measured by the effect of repeated additions of Ca(2+) on the resting rate of respiration, showed that fraction 2, i.e. that sedimenting at 8000g-min, also exhibited the greatest tolerance towards the uncoupling action of the ion. 4. Of the three enzyme activity profiles, only that of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase was similar to that of Ca(2+) transport. Because previous workers have assigned this enzyme to loci in the inner peripheral membrane [Werner & Neupert (1972) Eur. J. Biochem.25, 379-396], it is concluded that the Ruthenium Red-sensitive Ca(2+)- transport system also is located in this domain of the inner membrane. The relation of these findings to the mechanisms of mitochondrial Ca(2+) transport and the biogenesis of mitochondria is discussed.
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PMID:Submitochondrial location of ruthenium red-sensitive calcium-ion transport and evidence for its enrichment in a specific population of rat liver mitochondria. 72 72

In vivo administration of testosterone significantly stimulated the activities of cytochrome oxidase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and adenosine triphosphatase (Mg2+ ATPase), in mitochondria isolated from the liver of G. carnosus. Administration of dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione while significantly stimulated the activities of cytochrome oxidase and alpha-GPDH, did not change that of SDH and Mg2+ ATPase. Simultaneous injections of testosterone and actinomycin D or chloramphenicol prevented the testosterone-stimulated activities of all the oxidative enzymes studied. The results clearly document the important stimulatory role of androgens in the regulation of hepatic mitochondrial metabolism in G. carnosus.
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PMID:Androgenic control of hepatic mitochondrial metabolism in an apoda, Gegenophis carnosus (Beddome). 181 79

Administration of different doses of L-thyroxine (T4) and triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) in vivo in G. carnosus stimulated the activities of cytochrome oxidase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and Mg2+ adenosine triphosphatase (Mg2+ ATPase) and inhibited the activity of malate dehydrogenase (MDH). While a low dose of thiouracil administration produced a stimulatory effect on cytochrome oxidase and alpha-GPDH activities, a higher dose of thiouracil significantly inhibited the activities of cytochrome oxidase, alpha-GPDH, SDH, Mg2+ ATPase, and MDH. Injection of T4 or T3 into thiouracil-treated animals significantly restored the stimulatory effect of thyroid hormones on oxidative enzyme activities. It is suggested that thyroid hormones in vivo increase and that thiouracil decreases the oxidative capacity of hepatic mitochondria of G. carnosus.
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PMID:Stimulation of oxidative metabolism by thyroid hormones in an apodan amphibian, Gegenophis carnosus (Beddome). 216 65

Expression of the gene for the brown-fat specific uncoupling protein thermogenin was investigated in cell cultures by hybridization of isolated RNA with a cDNA clone corresponding to mouse thermogenin. The RNA was isolated 3-4 days after confluence from cells differentiated in culture from precursors isolated from the interscapular brown adipose tissue of 5-week-old mice. Very low thermogenin mRNA levels were found in cells derived from untreated mice, and there was only little effect of added norepinephrine on thermogenin gene expression in these cells. However, in cells derived from hypothyroid (methimazole-treated) mice there was a higher expression of thermogenin, and norepinephrine had a marked augmenting effect on the thermogenin mRNA level in these cells. These effects of thermogenin mRNA levels were specific, in that they contrasted with the effects of hypothyroidism and norepinephrine on the level of other mRNA species in these cells (coding for beta-actin, lipoprotein lipase, cytochrome-c oxidase, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). It was concluded that brown-fat cells in culture can reach a differentiated state, sufficiently advanced that the unique properties of these cells can be expressed, and that thermogenin gene expression (i.e., the level of thermogenin mRNA) is under direct control of norepinephrine.
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PMID:Brown adipocytes differentiated in vitro can express the gene for the uncoupling protein thermogenin: effects of hypothyroidism and norepinephrine. 249 23

Thyroidectomy and castration in Calotes versicolor significantly decreased the activities of hepatic mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH), and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) when compared to sham-operated controls. Administration of thyroid hormones in thyroidectomized lizards and testosterone in castrated specimens stimulated the activities of all three enzymes studied. Chloramphenicol, when injected with thyroxine prevented the hormone-stimulated activities of cytochrome oxidase and SDH, while actinomycin D and chloramphenicol, when administered along with testosterone propionate (low dose) prevented the testosterone-stimulated activities of cytochrome oxidase and alpha-GPDH.
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PMID:Influence of thyroid hormones and testosterone on the activities of hepatic mitochondrial enzymes in the Indian garden lizard, Calotes versicolor. 283 60

In vivo administration of L-thyroxine (L-T4) in Anabas testudineus, while significantly stimulated the activities of cytochrome c oxidase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH), inhibited glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), cytosolic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (cyt. MDH; mit. MDH), and Mg2+ DNP-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Mg2+ ATPase) activities. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and catalase remained unaltered after L-T4 treatment. Administration of protein synthesis inhibitors such as actinomycin D, while significantly inhibited cytochrome oxidase, alpha-GPDH, catalase, SDH, and Mg2+ ATPase activities, did not change LDH, cyt. MDH, and mit. MDH activities. Chloramphenicol injection significantly stimulated cytochrome oxidase, alpha-GPDH, and G-6-PDH activities. Simultaneous injections of actinomycin D or chloramphenicol with 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (L-T3) or L-T4 prevented the effects of thyroid hormones on enzyme activities, when compared to the respective controls.
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PMID:Oxidative metabolism in a teleost, Anabas testudineus Bloch: effect of thyroid hormones on hepatic enzyme activities. 292 Sep 3


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