Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.9.3.1 (cytochrome oxidase)
 8,822 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The series introduced by this paper reports the results of a detailed analysis of the microsomal fraction from rat liver by density gradient centrifugation. The biochemical methods used throughout this work for the determination of monoamine oxidase, NADH cytochrome c reductase, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome oxidase, catalase, aminopyrine demethylase, cytochromes b(5) and P 450, glucuronyltransferase, galactosyltransferase, esterase, alkaline and acid phosphatases, 5'-nucleotidase, glucose 6-phosphatase, alkaline phosphodiesterase I, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, nucleoside diphosphatase, aldolase, fumarase, glutamine synthetase, protein, phospholipid, cholesterol, and RNA are described and justified when necessary.
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PMID:Analytical study of microsomes and isolated subcellular membranes from rat liver. I. Biochemical methods. 415 Apr 88

Liver homogenates have been submitted to quantitative fractionation by differential centrifugation. Three particulate fractions: N (nuclear), ML (large granules), and P (microsomes), and a final supernate (S) have been obtained. The biochemical composition of the microsomal fraction has been established from the assay and distribution pattern of 25 enzymatic and chemical constituents. These included marker enzymes for mitochondria (cytochrome oxidase), lysosomes (acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase), and peroxisomes (catalase). The microsomal preparations were characterized by a moderate contamination with large cytoplasmic granules (only 6.2% of microsomal protein) and by a high yield in microsomal components. Enzymes such as glucose 6-phosphatase, nucleoside diphosphatase, esterase, glucuronyltransferase, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, aminopyrine demethylase, and galactosyltransferase were recovered in the microsomes to the extent of 70% or more. Another typical behavior was shown by 5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphatase, alkaline phosphodiesterase I, and cholesterol, which exhibited a "nucleomicrosomal" distribution. Other complex distributions were obtained for several constituents recovered in significant amount in the microsomes and in the ML or in the S fraction.
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PMID:Analytical study of microsomes and isolated subcellular membranes from rat liver. II. Preparation and composition of the microsomal fraction. 415 Apr 89

Enzymatic activities associated with Golgi apparatus-, endoplasmic reticulum-, plasma membrane-, mitochondria-, and microbody-rich cell fractions isolated from rat liver were determined and used as a basis for estimating fraction purity. Succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase (mitochondria) activities were low in the Golgi apparatus-rich fraction. On the basis of glucose-6-phosphatase (endoplasmic reticulum) and 5'-nucleotidase (plasma membrane) activities, the Golgi apparatus-rich fraction obtained directly from sucrose gradients was estimated to contain no more than 10% endoplasmic reticulum- and 11% plasma membrane-derived material. Total protein contribution of endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, plasma membrane, microbodies (uric acid oxidase), and lysosomes (acid phosphatase) to the Golgi apparatus-rich fraction was estimated to be no more than 20-30% and decreased to less than 10% with further washing. The results show that purified Golgi apparatus fractions isolated routinely may exceed 80% Golgi apparatus-derived material. Nucleoside di- and triphosphatase activities were enriched 2-3-fold in the Golgi apparatus fraction relative to the total homogenate, and of a total of more than 25 enzyme-substrate combinations reported, only thiamine pyrophosphatase showed a significantly greater enrichment.
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PMID:Isolation of a Golgi apparatus-rich fraction from rat liver. II. Enzymatic characterization and comparison with other cell fractions. 431 70

Smooth muscle cells were dissociated from normal rabbit aorta by incubating the tissue in Hanks' solution containing elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase. The isolated cells contained significant amounts of the following acid hydrolases: N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-mannosidase, beta-glucosidase, acid phosphatase, and cathepsins C and D. The cells were disrupted and fractionated by isopycnic centrifugation on sucrose density gradients in the Beaufay automatic zonal rotor. Lysosomes with a modal density of 1.16 were identified by the distribution of these acid hydrolases and by the latency of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-galactosidase. Other particulate enzymes studied in these sucrose gradients included cytochrome oxidase and monoamine oxidase (mitochondria), 5'-nucleotidase and leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase (plasma membrane), and catalase (? peroxisome). This microanalytical subcellular fractionation technique is applicable to the study of milligram quantities of many other tissues, both normal and pathological.
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PMID:Lysosomes of the arterial wall. I. Isolation and subcellular fractionation of cells from normal rabbit aorta. 434 42

Homogenates of cultured rat embryo fibroblasts have been assayed for acid phosphatase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, cathepsin D, acid deoxyribonuclease, cytochrome oxidase, NADH cytochrome c reductase, 5'-nucleotidase, inosine diphosphatase, acid pyrophosphatase, neutral pyrophosphatase, esterase, catalase, cholesterol, and RNA. The validity of the assay conditions was checked. Neutral pyrophosphatase is a readily soluble enzyme. Acid hydrolases, except acid pyrophosphatase, are particle-bound enzymes, which exhibit a high degree of structural latency. They are activated and solubilized in a parallel fashion by mechanical treatments and tensio-active agents. Catalase is also particle-bound and latent; activating conditions stronger than those for hydrolases are required to activate the enzyme. Acid pyrophosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase and inosine diphosphatase are firmly particle-bound, but not latent; they are not easily solubilized. In differential and isopycnic centrifugation, the latent hydrolases, cytochrome oxidase and catalase dissociate largely from each other; this suggests the occurrence of lysosomes and peroxisome-like structures besides mitochondria. The distribution patterns of 5'-nucleotidase and cholesterol are largely similar; digitonin influences their equilibrium density to the same extent; these two constituents are thought to be related to the plasma membrane. Inosine diphosphatase and acid pyrophosphatase are also partially associated with the plasma membrane, although some part of these enzymic activities probably belongs to other structures. NADH cytochrome c reductase is associated partly with the endoplasmic reticulum, partly with mitochondria.
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PMID:Analytical fractionation of homogenates from cultured rat embryo fibroblasts. 437 90

Homogenates of uterine smooth muscle of laying hens were fractionated by differential centrifugation. Three of the five fractions thus obtained were further separated on sucrose gradient into four subfractions. By employing various enzyme markers, such as 5'-nucleotidase, Mg2+-(Na+ + K+)-ATPase, alkaline phosphatase, Ca2+-ATPase, cytochrome oxidase, acid phosphatase, and N-beta-acetyl glucosaminidase, the major subcellular fractions have been tentatively identified. Using gel filtration to separate bound and free prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) we found that the specific uptake of PGF2 alpha was highest in the subfractions which also exhibited the highest enrichment in enzymes viewed generally as markers for cell membrane. The results suggest that PGF2 alpha-induced contractile activity in this tissue is initiated by the specific interaction of this agonist with discreet receptors in the sarcolemma, rather than by binding of PGF2 alpha to intracellular organelles or to a cytosolic receptor.
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PMID:Selective binding of prostaglandin F2 alpha to membrane fractions enriched in 5-nucleotidase, Ca2+-ATPase, and Mg2+-(Na+ + K+)ATPase. 611 29

A technique employing sucrose-density centrifugation for the enrichment of rat liver microsomes and rat liver plasma membranes in separate subcellular fractions is described. The fractions are enriched in glucose 6-phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase, respectively, and are free of cytochrome oxidase activity. Vanadate-sensitive Ca2+ transport activity (half-maximal inhibition at approximately 10 microM vanadate, corresponding to approximately 12 nmol/mg of protein) was detected in only that fraction enriched in microsomal membranes. Inhibition by vanadate of ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport is noncompetitive with respect to added Ca2+ but competitive with respect to added ATP. Because it inhibits ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport in rat liver microsomes but not in rat liver plasma membranes, vanadate becomes a useful tool to distinguish in vitro between these two transport systems.
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PMID:Inhibition by orthovanadate of ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport in microsomes isolated from rat liver. 656 71

An analytical procedure for the subcellular fractionation of rat brain cortex is presented; it consists of a two-step procedure involving a differential centrifugation using the five-fraction scheme and an isopycnic centrifugation in continuous sucrose gradients. All fractions obtained were analyzed for their content of various constituents, such as receptor binding, uptake, and several marker enzymes. Special attention was paid to the subcellular distribution of the serotonin S2 receptors; they were mainly recovered in the microsomal P fraction, but a significant amount was also associated with the mitochondrial (M and L) fractions. After equilibration in density gradients, serotonin S2 receptors revealed two peaks, which were similarly affected after treatment with amitriptyline and/or yohimbine. There is no evidence to suggest that serotonin S2 receptors are associated with nerve endings containing the neurotransmitter serotonin. Although three main profiles, a microsomal, a mitochondrial, and a mixed one, clearly appear from the differential centrifugation, subgroups of these main profiles were also found. For instance, the microsomal distribution patterns of serotonin S2 receptors and 5'-nucleotidase are very similar, but differ from that of UDP-galactosyltransferase. Similarly, the mitochondrial profiles of cytochrome oxidase and 5-HT (serotonin) uptake are different. An analytical approach for brain fractionation, when performed with appropriate measurements (cytochrome oxidase, amine uptake, 5'-nucleotidase, and receptor binding), is rapid and clearly differentiates pre- and postsynaptic constituents.
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PMID:Analytical subcellular fractionation of rat cortex: resolution of serotonergic nerve endings and receptors. 686 31

Previous studies have documented a highly compartmentalized and laminar organization of dopamine D2 receptors in human hippocampus, entorhinal and perirhinal cortices. These areas receive input from regions of polysensory association cortices of the superior and inferior temporal sulci that evidence functional modules identified by other techniques. We examined the isocortical regions of temporal lobe for an equally well-differentiated pattern of D2 receptor expression as observed in their paleocortical temporal lobe targets. Using quantitative autoradiography we identified an organization of three-dimensional bands of high concentrations of dopamine D2 receptors throughout the rostral-caudal extent of the normal human temporal cortex. In the coronal plane, these D2 receptor-enriched bands had a columnar appearance with the concentration of D2 receptors almost two-fold higher within the bands than in the immediately adjacent cortex. These D2 receptor-enriched bands had a distinct laminar appearance with a paucity of [125I]epidepride binding to D2 receptors over the granule cell layer and higher concentrations of D2 receptors in laminae III and V than in the immediately adjacent cortex. They had a consistent width (mean width of 2.83 +/- 0.62 mm) in the coronal plane, but had their long axes in the rostrocaudal plane (some were at least 2500 microns in length). Hence, they exist as three-dimensional D2 receptor-enriched and receptor-poor modules with their long axes in the rostrocaudal plane. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers were observed to cross orthogonally to the long axes of the D2 receptor enriched bands. Other monoamine receptors (beta-adrenergic, 5-hydroxytryptamine2), and markers for myelin (anti-myelin basic protein immunohistochemistry), glia (5'-nucleotidase), and energy metabolism (cytochrome oxidase) showed a laminar organization but failed to demarcate the D2 receptor-enriched bands. The majority of these D2 receptor-enriched bands were observed in the lateral and inferior aspects of the superior temporal gyrus, less frequently on the lateral surface of the inferior temporal gyrus and the parahippocampal cortices (Brodmann's area 22, 42 and 20, 21, 37). They were absent from primary auditory cortex (Brodmann's 41). The present study is the first known observation of a modular organization of synaptic elements, identified by D2 receptors, in non-primary sensory cortices of any species. The dopamine D2 receptor-enriched bands were found in regions previously identified as having functional modules that underlie feature extraction. Hence, D2 receptor-enriched and receptor-poor modules may provide a mechanism for functional regulation of compartments within these regions by dopamine.
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PMID:Dopamine D2 receptors are organized in bands in normal human temporal cortex. 886 95


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