Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.9.3.1 (cytochrome oxidase)
 8,822 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been combined with hybrid somatic cell technology to extend the bovine physical map. Eight bovine loci--glycoprotein hormone alpha (CGA), coagulation factor X (F10), chromogranin A (CHGA), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), human prochymosin pseudogene (CYM), oxytocin (OXT), arginine-vasopressin (ARVP), and cytochrome oxidase c subunit IV pseudogene (COXP)--were assigned to bovine syntenic groups with this approach. CGA was assigned to bovine syntenic group U2, F10 to U27, CHGA to U4 [bovine Chromosome (Chr) 21], LDLR to U22, CYM to U6, OXT and ARVP to U11, and COXP to U3 (bovine Chr 5). Seven of these genes, CGA, F10, CHGA, LDLR, OXT, ARVP, and CYM, further delineate regions of chromosomal conservation on human Chrs 6, 13, 14, 19, 20, 20, and 1, respectively. CHGA, OXT, and ARVP are unmapped in the mouse. Comparative mapping predicts the mouse CHGA will map to Chr 12, and mouse OXT and ARVP will map to mouse Chr 2. Furthermore, human CYM is predicted to be sublocalized to 1p32-q21. The primers developed for these eight loci will be useful for the development of hybrid somatic cell panels in the future as well as establishing a collection of bovine expressed sequence tags.
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PMID:Assignment of eight loci to bovine syntenic groups by use of PCR: extension of a comparative gene map. 161 14

In light of a previous report suggesting that the brains of tenascin-deficient animals are grossly normal, we have studied the somatosensory cortical barrel field and injured cerebral cortex in postnatal homozygous tenascin knockout, heterozygote, and normal wild-type mice. Nissl staining, cytochrome oxidase, and Dil axonal tracing of thalamocortical axonal projections to the somatosensory cortex, all reveal the formation of normal barrels in the first postnatal week in homozygous knockout mice that cannot be distinguished from heterozygote or normal wild-type barrels. In addition to confirming the absence of tenascin in knockout animals, and reporting apparently reduced levels of the glycoprotein in barrel boundaries of heterozygote animals using well-characterized antibodies and immunocytochemistry, we also studied the DSD-1-PG proteoglycan, another developmentally regulated molecule known to be associated with transient glial/glycoconjugate boundaries that surround developing barrels; DSD-1-PG was also found to be expressed in barrel boundaries in apparently normal time frames in tenascin knockout mice. Peanut agglutinin (PNA) binding of galactosyl-containing glycoconjugates also revealed barrel boundaries in all three genotypes. We also examined the expression of tenascin-R, a paralog of tenascin-C (referred to here simply as tenascin). As previously reported, tenascin-R is prominently expressed in subcortical white matter, and we found it was not expressed in the barrel boundaries in any of the genotypes. Thus, the absence of tenascin does not result in a compensatory expression of tenascin-R in the barrel boundaries. Finally, we studied wounds of the cerebral cortex in the late postnatal mouse. The astroglial scar formed, for the most part, in the same time course and spatial distribution in the wild-type and tenascin knockout mice. However, there may be some differences in the extent of gliosis between the knockout and the wild type that warrant further study. Roles for boundary molecules like tenascin during brain pattern formation and injury are reconsidered in light of these findings on barrel development and cortical lesions in tenascin-deficient mice.
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PMID:Tenascin knockout mice: barrels, boundary molecules, and glial scars. 753 42

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers designed to amplify bovine specific sequences of the arginine-vasopressin (ARVP), glycoprotein hormone alpha (CGA), cytochrome oxidase c subunit IV pseudogene (COXP), prochymosin (CYM), coagulation factor X (F10), inhibin beta A (INHBA), low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and oxytocin (OXT) genes in hybrid cells were used in a search for single strand conformation polymorphisms. DNA from 75 animals comprising crossbred and 7 purebred breeds were analysed. ARVP, COXP, CYM, LDLR and OXT were found to be polymorphic while CGA, F10 and INHBA were not. Polymorphic regions were identified within 206 bp of exon 1 of ARVP, 582 bp of the pseudogene COXP, 253 bp of exon 9 of CYM, 519 bp of LDLR cDNA and 160 bp of the upstream regulatory region of OXT. This is the first report of bovine polymorphisms for these genes and an important step in our goal to incorporate type I comparative anchor loci into the bovine linkage map. Polymorphic loci were subsequently analysed in pedigreed full-sib families and shown to be inherited in a Mendelian fashion.
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PMID:Single-strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCPs) detected in five bovine genes. 768 2

Copper serves as the cofactor for a number of important enzymes in cartilage, as well as in other tissues, including lysyl oxidase, superoxide dismutase, and cytochrome oxidase. Ceruloplasmin is responsible for the transport of approx. 95% of the copper in serum, but the mechanisms for intracellular copper transport are unknown. We have demonstrated recently that a high-molecular-weight cartilage glycoprotein, referred to as CMGP, has regions of sequence homology with ceruloplasmin. CMGP also binds copper and has at least some oxidase activity similar to that of ceruloplasmin. Other tissues synthesize intracellular ceruloplasmin-like proteins. The present report represents part of an effort to examine the hypothesis that CMGP is a copper transport protein in chondrocytes and to characterize the enzymatic activities of CMGP. These studies demonstrate that CMGP is the principal chondrocyte protein labeled by 67Cu in vitro and that the label is localized to the mitochondria, cytosol, and membrane fractions of sucrose gradients, suggesting copper transport through the cell. In parallel experiments, [3H]leucine was incorporated into proteins corresponding to the subunits and fragments of CMGP, as described previously, and in a similar distribution among the subcellular fractions as labeled copper. Additionally, CMGP has oxidase and ferroxidase activities similar to those of ceruloplasmin.
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PMID:Studies of copper transport in cultured bovine chondrocytes. 791 77

The highly regulated intracellular concentration of calcium (Ca2+) is a well-described regulator of diverse cellular events, including cell cycle control. In the present study we have addressed the regulation of cytosolic Ca2+ in differentiation events in the life cycle of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Bloodstream form (BSF) trypanosomes include the mitotically active long slender forms (LS) which differentiate to two nondividing stages--intermediate (INT) which transform into short stumpy (SS) forms. An axenic in vitro culture system was used to cultivate LS to a density greater than 1.0 x 10(6) cells/ml/day. Populations of the intermediate BSF (INT) and SS were derived from cultured LS by treatment with difluoromethyl ornithine (DFMO, 100 microM) for 2 and 4 days, respectively. A semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-coupled polymerase chain reaction protocol (SQ-RT-PCR) was developed to objectively distinguish the three BSF by monitoring the relative levels of stage-specific mRNAs--cytochrome oxidase II (COXII), variant surface glycoprotein, and procyclin during the differentiation of LS to SS, showing an increase in COXII and procyclin mRNA expression during this process of differentiation. Basal cytosolic Ca2+ levels [Ca2+]i of populations of LS, INT, and SS were studied using Indo-1 dual emission fluorometry. [Ca2+]i was maximal in dividing LS cells and was shown to decrease coincidentally with early events in the process of differentiation to INT and SS. Thapsigargin (1 microM), reported to cause the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum, elevated [Ca2+]i by about 30-60 nM in all BSF; however, the total thapsigargin-releasable stores decreased in parallel with the decrease in basal [Ca2+]i. Control treatments verified that elevations in [Ca2+]i in response to thapsigargin were intracellular in origin. These results may reflect the cessation of cytosolic Ca2+ transients involved in the regulation of mitosis as the parasite exits from the cell cycle and differentiates from rapidly dividing LS to the nondividing SS.
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PMID:Trypanosoma brucei: analysis of cytoplasmic Ca2+ during differentiation of bloodstream stages in vitro. 865 42

Magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system play a fundamental role in the maintenance of body homeostasis by secreting vasopressin and oxytocin in response to systemic osmotic perturbations. During chronic hyperosmolality, vasopressin and oxytocin mRNA levels increase twofold, whereas, during chronic hyposmolality, these mRNA levels decrease to 10-20% of that of normoosmolar control animals. To determine what other genes respond to these osmotic perturbations, we have analyzed gene expression during chronic hyper- versus hyponatremia. Thirty-seven cDNA clones were isolated by differentially screening cDNA libraries that were generated from supraoptic nucleus tissue punches from hyper- or hyponatremic rats. Further analysis of 12 of these cDNAs by in situ hybridization histochemistry confirmed that they are osmotically regulated. These cDNAs represent a variety of functional classes and include cytochrome oxidase, tubulin, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, spectrin, PEP-19, calmodulin, GTPase, DnaJ-like, clathrin-associated, synaptic glycoprotein, regulator of GTPase stimulation, and gene for oligodendrocyte lineage-myelin basic proteins. This analysis therefore suggests that adaptation to chronic osmotic stress results in global changes in gene expression in the magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic nucleus.
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PMID:Gene expression in the rat supraoptic nucleus induced by chronic hyperosmolality versus hyposmolality. 1100 89

It has been suggested that the early response was a critical regulator of the remaining quiescent liver cells reentering the cell cycle after partial hepatectomy. The identification of genetic factors and function important in the early response phase during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy will help in understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of hepatic injuries. Through the application of complementary DNA representational difference analysis (RDA), we have identified genes that are up-regulated in early response phase during liver regeneration. Results from slot blot and Northern blot analysis confirmed that the RDA products were truly differentially expressed. In addition to well-characterized up-regulated genes during liver regeneration, including IGFBP-1, LRF-1, and metallothionein, we demonstrate the differential expression of at least 6 genes previously not known to be associated with liver regeneration. PC3 and TEC genes were identified as immediate-early response genes and were dramatically increased following partial hepatectomy. Ribosomal protein L6, ribosomal protein S7, chaperonin 10, and cytochrome oxidase I were identified to be up-regulated 4- to 5-fold after 70% partial hepatectomy. In addition to the known genes, 7 novel genes were isolated. Among them, two genes showed their up-regulation in liver regeneration by Northern blot analysis. One was exclusively expressed in liver, and no expression was observed in other tissues. Peak expression, 30-fold above baseline, occurred 60 min after 70% hepatectomy. Cycloheximide pretreatment could not suppress the induction of this gene, indicating that this gene as a novel immediate-early response gene following partial hepatectomy. The novel gene, which was represented three times in the differential clones, may be one of the highly up-expressed genes in regenerating liver. Its transcript is undetectable in normal liver; its level of mRNA increased by 0.5 h after 2/3 partial hepatectomy, reaching a maximum at 2 h. This gene is similar to human alpha-1-beta-glycoprotein (40%). These results suggest a role of these genes in the early response phase of liver regeneration.
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PMID:Identification and characterization of differentially expressed genes in the early response phase during liver regeneration. 1109 37

A fraction (15-20% of the total protein) of a preparation of bovine submitochondrial particles (SMPs) binds to concanavalin A-sepharose. The bound membranes displayed succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, and ATPase activity, which, as in SMPs, were inhibited by malonate, cyanide, and oligomycin, respectively. These results indicate that the bound membranes are inner mitochondrial membranes and that they contain a glycoprotein which was recognized by concanavalin A. It was possible to repeatedly perform the three enzyme assays, one after the other, in the same gel with the bound membranes. Long-term stability tests (22 days) showed that cytochrome oxidase was much more stable in the membranes bound to the gel than in SMPs, while the ATPase activity decayed at a similar rate in the two conditions. Thus, inner mitochondrial membranes bound to ConA-Sepharose appear to be a potentially interesting model for the study of immobilized multienzymatic complexes.
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PMID:Inner mitochondrial membranes bound to concanavalin A-sepharose display succinate dehydrogenase, ATPase, and cytochrome oxidase activity. 1860 Sep 9