Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.9.3.1 (cytochrome oxidase)
 8,822 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Trichobilharzia is a genus of threadlike schistosomes with a cosmopolitan distribution in birds. Species of Trichobilharzia achieve notoriety as major etiological agents of cercarial dermatitis, or swimmer's itch. There are 40 species described in the literature, for which the majority lacks molecular sequence information. To better understand the phylogenetic relationships, diversity, species boundaries, host use, and geographic distribution of this genus better, we surveyed 378 birds and over 10,000 snails from North America. The phylogenetic analysis was based on nuclear 18S, 28S rDNA, internal transcribed spacer region and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequence data. Specimens were recovered that could be related to 6 of the 14 described species of Trichobilharzia from North America (Trichobilharzia physellae, Trichobilharzia querquedulae, Trichobilharzia szidati, Trichobilharzia stagnicolae, Trichobilharzia franki, and Trichobilharzia brantae). An additional 5 lineages were found that could not be related directly to previously described species. Trichobilharzia brantae, transmitted by Gyraulus parvus, grouped outside the clade containing the recognized species of Trichobilharzia. A subgroup of the Trichobilharzia clade designated Clade Q was comprised of closely related species whose adults and eggs are similar, yet the European species use lymnaeids whereas the North American species use physids as snail hosts. This molecular phylogeny provides a useful framework (1) to facilitate identification of worms, including those involved in dermatitis outbreaks; (2) to test hypotheses about the evolution, diversification, host-parasite interactions and character evolution of Trichobilharzia; and (3) to guide future taxonomic revision of Trichobilharzia.
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PMID:Molecular systematics of the avian schistosome genus Trichobilharzia (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) in North America. 2004 99

Avian schistosomes belonging to the genus Austrobilharzia (Digenea: Schistosomatidae) are among the causative agents of cercarial dermatitis in humans. In this paper, ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA sequences were used to study schistosome cercariae from Kuwait Bay that have been identified morphologically as Austrobilharzia sp. Sequence comparison of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) 28S and 18S regions of the collected schistosome cercariae with corresponding sequences of other schistosomes in GenBank revealed high sequence similarity. This confirmed the morphological identification of schistosome cercariae from Kuwait Bay as belonging to the genus Austrobilharzia. The finding was further supported by the phylogenetic tree that was constructed based on the combined data set 18S-28S-mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCO1) sequences in which Austrobilharzia sp. clustered with A. terrigalensis and A. variglandis. Sequence comparison of the Austrobilharzia sp. from Kuwait Bay with A. variglandis and A. terrigalensis based on mtCO1 showed a variation of 10% and 11%, respectively. Since the sequence variation in the mtCO1 was within the interspecific range among trematodes, it seems that the Austrobilharzia species from Kuwait Bay is different from the two species reported in GenBank, A. terrigalensis and A. variglandis.
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PMID:Molecular identification of Austrobilharzia species parasitizing Cerithidea cingulata (Gastropoda: Potamididae) from Kuwait Bay. 2215 31

From 2007-2014, 19,360 freshwater snails from the Terai and Hilly regions of Nepal were screened for cercariae of mammalian schistosomes. Based on analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I, 12S, 16S and 28S sequences (3,675bp) of the cercariae recovered, we provide, to our knowledge, the first report of the Schistosoma indicum species group in Nepal. Five samples of Schistosoma nasale, nine of Schistosoma spindale and 17 of Schistosoma sp. were recovered, all from the snail Indoplanorbis exustus. The last-mentioned lineage failed to group in any of our analyses with S. nasale, S. spindale or S. indicum. It diverged in cox1 sequence from them by 16%, 13% and 13%, respectively, levels of difference comparable to well-studied species pairs of Schistosoma. Analysis of cox1, 16S and internal transcribed spacer 1 sequences (1,874bp) for Nepalese specimens of I. exustus was also surprising in revealing the presence of four genetically distinct clades. They diverged from one another at levels comparable to those noted for species pairs in the sister genus Bulinus. There was no obvious pattern of use by Nepalese Schistosoma of the Indoplanorbis clades. We found high support for a close relationship between S. indicum and Schistosoma haematobium groups, but failed to retrieve support for a clean separation of the two, with a tendency for S. nasale to fall as the most basal representative. If this pattern holds, hypotheses for the origin of the Asian Indoplanorbis-transmitted S. indicum group from the Bulinus-transmitted S. haematobium group may require modification, including consideration of more contemporaneous origins of the two groups. The Indian subcontinent is under-studied with respect to schistosome diversity and our current knowledge of the S. indicum and I. exustus species groups is inadequate. Further study is warranted given the ability of indicum group species to cause veterinary problems and cercarial dermatitis, with a worrisome potential in the future to establish infections in humans.
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PMID:The Schistosoma indicum species group in Nepal: presence of a new lineage of schistosome and use of the Indoplanorbis exustus species complex of snail hosts. 2638 38