Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.8.1.4 (diaphorase)
2,754 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bovine leukemia virus-transformed lamb embryo fibroblasts (line FLK) possess activity of DT-diaphorase of ca. 260 U/mg protein and similar levels of other NADP(H)-oxidizing enzymes: NADH:oxidase, 359 U/mg; NADPH:oxidase, 43 U/mg; NADH:cytochrome-c reductase, 141 U/mg; NADPH:cytochrome-c reductase, 43 U/mg. In general, the toxicity of aromatic nitrocompounds towards FLK cells increases on increase of single-electron reduction potentials (E1(1)) of nitrocompounds or the log of their reduction rate constants by single-electron-transferring enzymes, microsomal NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase (EC 1.6.2.4) and mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase (EC 1.6.99.3). No correlation between the toxicity and reduction rate of nitrocompounds by rat liver DT-diaphorase (EC 1.6.99.2) was observed. The toxicity is not significantly affected by dicumarol, an inhibitor of DT-diaphorase. Nitrocompounds examined were poor substrates for DT-diaphorase, being 10(4) times less active than menadione. Their poor reactivity is most probably determined by their preferential binding to a NADPH binding site, but not to menadione binding site of diaphorase. These data indicate that at comparable activities of DT-diaphorase and single-electron-transferring NAD(P)H dehydrogenases in the cell, the toxicity of nitrocompounds will be determined mainly by their single-electron reduction reactions.
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PMID:The toxicity of aromatic nitrocompounds to bovine leukemia virus-transformed fibroblasts: the role of single-electron reduction. 766 3

We have cloned and sequenced the mouse NMO1 cDNA, which encodes the NAD(P)H:menadione oxidoreductase [also called NAD(P)H:(quinone acceptor) oxidoreductase; quinone reductase; azo dye reductase; DT diaphorase; EC 1.6.99.2]. The cDNA is 1528 bp in length excluding the poly(A+) tail, and has 5' and 3' nontranslated regions of 108 bp and 595 bp, respectively. The deduced protein contains 274 amino acids, including the first methionine (M(r) = 30,959). The mouse NMO1 protein is: 94% similar to the rat NMO1 and 86.5% to the human NMO1 proteins; 49.3% identical to the human NQO2 protein; and < 20% similar to several dozen other proteins in the quinone oxidoreductase superfamily. Southern hybridization analysis of mouse DNA reveals that the Nmo1 gene is likely to span less than a total of 20 kb. The Nmo1 gene is highly inducible by 2,3,7,8,-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin; TCDD) in mouse liver and mouse cell cultures. TCDD inducibility of NMO1 is detectable at 12 and 18 days of gestation, but markedly elevated at 1-3 weeks post partum as compared with the 6- and 12-week-old mouse. NMO1 mRNA levels are strikingly elevated in the untreated mouse hepatoma Hepa-1c1c7 mutant line c37 lacking CYP1A1 (aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase) activity, and in the untreated 14CoS/14CoS mouse cell line having an 'oxidative stress response' caused by homozygous deletion of about 3800 kb on chromosome 7. Previous work and the data in this report show that the murine Nmo1 gene is regulated by three distinct mechanisms: CYP1A1 metabolism-dependent repression, Ah receptor-mediated induction by TCDD, and activation by the chromosome 7-mediated oxidative stress response.
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PMID:Mouse dioxin-inducible NAD(P)H: menadione oxidoreductase: NMO1 cDNA sequence and genetic differences in mRNA levels. 770 40

A major and a minor ascorbate free radical (AFR) reductase were separated from the soluble fraction in the human lens cortex by DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange column chromatography. These AFR reductases also exhibited diaphorase activity using dichlorophenolindophenol and ferricyanide as electron acceptors. The major AFR reductase was partially purified by 5'AMP-Sepharose 4B affinity column chromatography. This partially purified AFR reductase showed a single band of diaphorase activity in native polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. This activity band corresponded to the major protein observed in protein staining by Coomassie Brilliant Blue. However, the protein staining by Coomassie Brilliant Blue showed this activity band surrounded by diffused staining. Molecular weight of the partially purified AFR reductase was determined to be 32 kDa by gel filtration, and the apparent Km value for AFR was about 15 microM. This major lens AFR reductase could be distinguished from soluble Neurospora, Euglena and cucumber AFR reductases, and from two ubiquitous enzymes with reduction activity of AFR and/or foreign compounds, ie, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and DT-diaphorase, by their molecular weights, Km values and/or ion-exchange chromatographic behaviors.
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PMID:Soluble ascorbate free radical reductase in the human lens. 793 90

Many solid tumors contain substantial fractions of hypoxic cells which are relatively resistant to both radiation therapy and certain cytotoxic drugs. We have previously shown that exposure of human HT29 cells to hypoxic conditions results in the overexpression of certain enzymes involved in the detoxication of xenobiotics, including NAD(P)H:(quinone acceptor) oxidoreductase (DT)-diaphorase, and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione synthesis. This hypoxic effect on DT-diaphorase was shown to involve both transcriptional induction and altered message stability. We have investigated the effects of hypoxia on elements in the promoter region of DT-diaphorase. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrate the induction of a binding activity to the AP-1 response element of DT-diaphorase. Supershift assays suggest that this binding is due to AP-1 nuclear factors and that members of the jun family are induced to a greater degree than fos by hypoxia. Analysis of the kinetics of transcription factor expression indicates that the expression of c-jun and junD is induced during hypoxic exposure; mRNA levels fall during reoxygenation. Induction of fos on the other hand is not as florid during hypoxia (5-fold) and is most pronounced (17-fold) 24 h after the restoration of an oxic environment. Thus, the hypoxic response of DT-diaphorase expression is mediated in part through AP-1, initially by a jun-related mechanism and then by the involvement of fos. The affinity of transcription factors for the AP-1 binding site depends on the redox state of a cysteine residue located close to the DNA-binding region of both Fos and Jun. A nuclear protein, Ref-1, maintains the reduced state of Fos and Jun and promotes binding to AP-1. Nuclear extracts of HT29 cells exposed to hypoxia show markedly increased Ref-1 protein content. Elevation of ref-1 steady-state mRNA levels occurs as an early event following induction of hypoxia and persists when cells are restored to a normally oxygenated environment. Nuclear run-on analysis demonstrates that induction of transcription is the mechanism of ref-1 mRNA elevation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and immunodepletion assays were used to further define the interaction of Ref-1 with specific AP-1-binding proteins under hypoxic conditions. These data demonstrate that the induction of detoxicating enzyme expression in HT29 cells exposed to hypoxia results from the induction of both transactivating factors that bind to the AP-1 element and of redox proteins that enhance their affinity for this element.
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PMID:Activation of AP-1 and of a nuclear redox factor, Ref-1, in the response of HT29 colon cancer cells to hypoxia. 806 32

The enzymatic features and molecular species of the inhibitory action of menadione on lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes were examined. In an ascorbate-supported system or a NADH-supported reconstituted system containing NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and cytochrome b5, menadione was not an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation at pH 7.5, while some antioxidant ability was observed at lower pH ranges. Lipid peroxidation in the presence of menadione in the NADH-supported reconstituted system at pH 7.5 was markedly inhibited by adding lipoamide dehydrogenase. NAD(P)H-supported lipid peroxidation in microsomes with increased DT-diaphorase activity from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats was highly susceptible to menadione. These inhibitions were abolished by dicoumarol, an inhibitor of DT-diaphorase. Cumene hydroperoxide-dependent lipid peroxidation in microsomes, with desferal and NADP+ to prevent nonheme iron-dependent reactions and oxygen radical generation, was inhibited by menadione in the presence of NADPH, and the inhibition was also more effective in the microsomes with increased DT-diaphorase activity. Menadiol reacted with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in ethanol at a molar ratio of DPPH/menadiol at 1.9. In an iron-supported reconstituted enzymatic or a nonenzymatic system at pH 7.5, menadiol showed an antioxidant effect at an early stage, followed by a prooxidant effect, which was prevented by SOD, probably by protecting menadiol autooxidation. These results show that menadione exerts an antioxidant effect through participation of microsomal DT-diaphorase by generating menadiol with a radical scavenging ability, while menadiol also has a prooxidant property.
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PMID:Enzymatic and molecular aspects of the antioxidant effect of menadione in hepatic microsomes. 883 52

Major and minor ascorbate free radical (AFR) reductases, with diaphorase activity, and three other diaphorases were separated from the human lens soluble fraction by DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange column chromatography. They were characterized for adsorptivity to ion-exchange and 5'AMP-Sepharose 4B affinity columns, kinetic properties, and substrate specificity. The latter diaphorases were closely correlated with NADH-cytochrome beta 5 reductase. The major and minor AFR reductases were regarded as a major diaphorase group different from two ubiquitous diaphorases, i.e., NADH-cytochrome beta 5 reductase and DT-diaphorase. A major AFR reductase was partially purified approximately 50 fold over the lens soluble fraction by ion-exchange, affinity, and gel filtration (Sephacryl S-200 HR) column chromatography. From the partially purified enzyme, 2 bands, one sharp and one diffuse, were obtained by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two proteins, of 20 and 24 kDa, were identified in the active enzyme bands by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This suggests that the 20 and/or 24 kDa proteins may be components of the major AFR reductase.
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PMID:Ascorbate free radical reductases and diaphorases in soluble fractions of the human lens. 895 63

An improved light-dependent assay was used to characterize the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) in thylakoids of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The enzyme was sensitive to rotenone, confirming the involvement of a complex I-type enzyme. NADPH and NADH were equally good substrates for the dehydrogenase. Maximum rates of activity were 10 to 19 &mgr;mol electrons mg-1 chlorophyll h-1, corresponding to about 3% of linear electron-transport rates, or to about 40% of ferredoxin-dependent cyclic electron-transport rates. The NDH was activated by light treatment. After photoactivation, a subsequent light-independent period of about 1 h was required for maximum activation. The NDH could also be activated by incubation of the thylakoids in low-ionic-strength buffer. The kinetics, substrate specificity, and inhibitor profiles were essentially the same for both induction strategies. The possible involvement of ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR) in the NDH activity could be excluded based on the lack of preference for NADPH over NADH. Furthermore, thenoyltrifluoroacetone inhibited the diaphorase activity of FNR but not the NDH activity. These results also lead to the conclusion that direct reduction of plastoquinone by FNR is negligible.
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PMID:The NAD(P)H dehydrogenase in barley thylakoids is photoactivatable and uses NADPH as well as NADH 962 5

It has previously been shown that rats pre-treated with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), a well-known inducer of the enzyme DT-diaphorase, are protected against the harmful effects of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. This is consistent with a role for diaphorase in the detoxification of this quinone, but it is not known if increased tissue levels of this enzyme give protection against other naphthoquinone derivatives. In the present study, rats were dosed with BHA and then challenged with a toxic dose of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, a substance that causes haemolytic anaemia and renal damage in vivo. Pre-treatment with BHA had no effect upon the nephrotoxicity of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, but the severity of the haemolysis induced by this compound was increased in the animals given BHA. DT-Diaphorase is known to promote the redox cycling of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone in vitro, with concomitant formation of 'active oxygen' species. The results of the present experiment suggest that activation of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone by DT-diaphorase may also occur in vivo and show that increased tissue levels of DT-diaphorase are not always associated with naphthoquinone detoxification.
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PMID:Effect of butylated hydroxyanisole on the toxicity of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone to rats. 1019 May 78

The enzyme DT-diaphorase mediates the two-electron reduction of quinones to hydroquinones. It has previously been shown that the toxicity of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone to rats is decreased by pre-treatment of the animals with compounds that increase tissue levels of this enzyme. In contrast, the severity of the haemolytic anaemia induced in rats by 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone was increased in animals with high levels of DT-diaphorase. In the present experiments, the effect of alterations in tissue diaphorase activities on the toxicity of a third naphthoquinone derivative, 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, has been investigated. This compound induced severe haemolysis and slight renal tubular necrosis in control rats. Pre-treatment of the animals with BHA, a potent inducer of DT-diaphorase, diminished the severity of the haemolysis induced by this compound and abolished its nephrotoxicity. Pre-treatment with dicoumarol, an inhibitor of this enzyme, caused only a slight increase in the haemolysis induced by 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, but provoked a massive increase in its nephrotoxicity. Modulation of DT-diaphorase activity in animals may therefore not only alter the severity of naphthoquinone toxicity, but also cause pronounced changes in the site of toxic action of these substances. The factors that may control whether induction of DT-diaphorase in animals will decrease or increase naphthoquinone toxicity are discussed.
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PMID:Effects of modulation of tissue activities of DT-diaphorase on the toxicity of 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone to rats. 1124 24

The menadione reductase (MNR), the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NDH) and diaphorase (DIA) isozymes were studied in the allohexaploid Triticum aestivum cv "Chinese Spring" and in five diploid Triticeae species. The Mnr1, Ndh3and Dia1 loci were located on the chromosome arms 3AL, 3BL and 3DL of T. aestivum, respectively. These loci were also located on the 3H chromosome of Hordeum vulgare cv "Betzes", the 3L chromosome of Aegilops longissima and the 6RL chromosome arm of Secale cereale cv "Imperial". The chromosomal location results together with the segregation studies support a tetrameric behaviour of the MNR1, NDH3 and DIA1 isozymes. The Ndh1 and Dia3 loci were located on homoeologous group 4 showing a monomeric behaviour. The chromosomal locations and linkage data of the Mnr, Ndh and Dia loci suggest that Mnr1=Ndh3=Dia1; Ndh1=Dia3 and Ndh2=Dia2.
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PMID:Is the Mnr locus of Triticeae species the same as the Ndh and Dia loci? 1258 52


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