Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.8.1.4 (diaphorase)
 2,754 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the present study, histochemical techniques combined with more conventional anatomical methods were used to refine the identification of the nucleus of the optic tract and the nuclei of the accessory optic system in the opossum. The distribution of the enzyme cytochrome oxidase (CO) was examined in the cells and the neuropil of the opossum's mesodiencephalic region. Strong CO labeling was present in the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT)-dorsal terminal nucleus (DTN). Alternate sections, taken from animals that had received bilateral injections of horseradish peroxidase centered in the region of the inferior olive, were subjected to assays for CO and horseradish peroxidase. The region occupied by CO-labeled cells in the NOT-DTN superimposed with the one defined by retrogradely labeled cells. Cell counts along the NOT-DTN anteroposterior axis revealed that although the olivary and CO-positive cells were confined within similar boundaries, the latter are up to twofold more numerous than the former. As revealed by cytochrome oxidase histochemistry, the outlines of the NOT-DTN, the other pretectal nuclei and the nuclei belonging to the accessory optic system coincided with those revealed by the histochemistry for nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d). After an intraocular injection of cholera toxin beta subunit and alternate sections processing for NADPH-d and CO, the distribution of labeled retinal terminal fields in the mesodiencephalic region was shown to be coincident with regions of high levels of histochemical labeling. These results are discussed in the light of previous anatomofunctional assessments of the pretectum and accessory optic system.
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PMID:Cytochrome oxidase and NADPH-diaphorase on the afferent relay branch of the optokinetic reflex in the opossum. 970 May 67

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures of brain stem origin in rats are associated with acute induction of neuronal Fos in several discrete regions of the brain. One particular site in the dorsal pons shows remarkable Fos induction following generalized tonic seizures induced by maximal electroshock in normal rats or by audiogenic stimulation in genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPRs). Although this area shows the most intense Fos induction of any brain area following generalized tonic seizures, its identity has been uncertain. Based on its general location, we hypothesized that this nucleus was either 1) a component of the pedunculopontine tegmentum nucleus-pars compacta (PPTn-pc) or 2) the superior lateral subnucleus of lateral parabrachial area (LPBsl). The present study used Fos-protein immunocytochemistry in combination with the reduced form of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemistry, cholecystokinin (CCK) immunocytochemistry, and neuronal tract-tracing to determine the identity of this cluster of Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal pons. Following maximal electroshock seizure (MES), Fos labeling was compared to NADPH diaphorase staining (a marker for cholinergic neurons of the PPTn-pc); retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injected into the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH; to identify the LPBsl) or CCK immunoreactivity (also a marker for LPBsl neurons). Results showed this cluster of Fos immunoreactive (FI) neurons to be closely associated, but not overlapping, with the lateral and most caudal aspect of the PPTn-pc. Alternatively, WGA-HRP retrograde-labeled neurons corresponded precisely with the seizure-induced FI neurons. Additionally, the location of CCK immunoreactive neurons directly overlapped with the FI neurons, although they were not nearly as prevalent. These results demonstrate that the seizure-induced FI neurons in this area are neurons of the LPBsl and not cholinergic neurons of the PPTn-pc. This is the first report of seizure-induced Fos expression specifically localized to the superior lateral subnucleus of the lateral parabrachial area.
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PMID:Expression of Fos in the superior lateral subdivision of the lateral parabrachial (LPBsl) area after generalized tonic seizures in rats. 982 Jul 33

2-Amino-3-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, discovered as a novel bifidogenetic growth stimulator (BGS), has been characterized by determination of redox and acid-base equilibria, partition properties, and UV-vis and electron spin resonance spectral properties. BGS is proposed to function as an electron transfer mediator from NADH to O2. BGS is reduced by NADH-reduced diaphorase (or related enzymes) and the reduced BGS is reoxidized by autoxidation and a peroxidase-catalyzed reaction. The proposed reaction would spare pyruvate as an important metabolic intermediate, and minimize the cytotoxic effects of H2O2 generated by the autoxidation. Kinetic studies were performed in model enzymatic systems using 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (VK3) as a reference compound with a very weak growth-stimulating effect. The results support our proposal and reveal the superiority of BGS to VK3 as an electron transfer mediator in the proposed reactions.
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PMID:Mechanistic study on the roles of a bifidogenetic growth stimulator based on physicochemical characterization. 983 15

The distribution and the morphology of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase (ND)-active and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive neurons and fibers were studied in the olfactory bulb of three species of primates, i.e., the cynomolgus macaque monkey (Macaca fascicularis), the Japanese macaque monkey (Macaca fuscata), and the pig-tail macaque monkey (Macaca nemestrina). The ND staining was carried out by means of a direct histochemical method with beta-NADPH as cosubstrate and nitro blue tetrazolium as chromogen. The NOS immunostaining was carried out by using a polyclonal antibody and the avidin-biotin peroxidase method. Similar results were found in the three species, where a distinct distribution pattern of ND/NOS-stained neurons and fibers was observed. All olfactory fibers demonstrated ND-positive labeling but they were NOS-immunonegative. In the superficial modulatory area of the olfactory bulb, a few weakly ND- and NOS-positive periglomerular cells, stellate cells, and darkly stained superficial short-axon cells were observed. In the inframitral layers, granule cells, deep stellate cells, and deep short-axon cells were distinguished. Short-axon cells had oriented morphologies and spiny dendrites. Many thick, varicose ND/NOS-stained fibers identified as centrifugal fibers were observed in the white matter, granule cell layer, internal plexiform layer, mitral cell layer, and external plexiform layer. This distribution of ND activity and NOS immunoreactivity showed similarities to and differences from what has been reported in the olfactory bulb of macrosmatic mammals including rodents (rat, mouse, and hamster) and insectivores (hedgehog). These data confirm that the complexity of the ND/NOS staining in the olfactory bulb of one species correlates with the importance of olfaction in the biology of such species.
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PMID:Chemical anatomy of the macaque monkey olfactory bulb: NADPH-diaphorase/nitric oxide synthase activity. 985 8

Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (LADH) lipoamide reductase activity decreased whereas enzyme diaphorase activity increased after LADH treatment with myeloperoxidase (MPO) dependent systems (MPO/H2O2/halide, MPO/NADH/halide and MPO/H2O2/nitrite systems. LADH inactivation was a function of the composition of the inactivating system and the incubation time. Chloride, iodide, bromide, and the thiocyanate anions were effective complements of the MPO/H2O2 system. NaOCl inactivated LADH, thus supporting hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as putative agent of the MPO/H2O2/NaCl system. NaOCl and the MPO/H2O2/NaCl system oxidized LADH thiols and NaOCl also oxidized LADH methionine and tyrosine residues. LADH inactivation by the MPO/NADH/halide systems was prevented by catalase and enhanced by superoxide dismutase, in close agreement with H2O2 production by the LADH/NADH system. Similar effects were obtained with lactoperoxidase and horse-radish peroxidase supplemented systems. L-cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, penicillamine, N-(2-mercaptopropionylglycine), Captopril and taurine protected LADH against MPO systems and NaOCl. The effect of the MPO/H2O2/NaNO2 system was prevented by MPO inhibitors (sodium azide, isoniazid, salicylhydroxamic acid) and also by L-cysteine, L-methionine, L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, L-histidine and reduced glutathione. The summarized observations support the hypothesis that peroxidase-generated "reactive species" oxidize essential thiol groups at LADH catalytic site.
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PMID:Inactivation of myocardial dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase by myeloperoxidase systems: effect of halides, nitrite and thiol compounds. 1019 78

Stimulation of the nucleus magnocellularis (NMC) of the medulla produces changes in locomotion, muscle tone, heart rate, and blood pressure. Glutamatergic input has been found to modulate muscle tone, whereas cholinergic input has been found to mediate cardiovascular changes produced by stimulation of the NMC. The current study was designed to identify the brainstem afferents to NMC by using retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin and horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) combined with glutamate and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemical and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemical techniques. Fifty nanoliters of 2.5% WGA-HRP were microinjected into the NMC in the cat. A heavy density of WGA-HRP-labeled neurons was found in the ipsilateral mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF), periaqueductal gray, Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, and pontis centralis caudalis (PoC), in the contralateral pontis centralis oralis (PoO), and bilaterally in the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis. A moderate density of retrogradely labeled neurons was found in the ipsilateral side of the nuclei parvocellularis, retrorubral (RRN), PoO, and vestibular complex, in the contralateral PoC and nucleus gigantocellularis, and bilaterally in the inferior vestibular nucleus. Retrograde HRP/glutamate-positive cells could be found throughout the brainstem, with a high percentage in RRN, PoO, PoC, and MRF. Double-labeled WGA-HRP/ChAT neurons were found in the pedunculopontine nucleus. Double-labeled WGA-HRP/NADPH-d-positive neurons could be seen in many nuclei of the brainstem, although the number of labeled neurons was small. The dense glutamatergic projections to the NMC support the hypothesis that rostral brainstem glutamatergic mechanisms regulate muscle activity and locomotor coordination via the NMC, whereas the pontine cholinergic projections to the NMC participate in cardiovascular regulation.
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PMID:Brainstem projections to the ventromedial medulla in cat: retrograde transport horseradish peroxidase and immunohistochemical studies. 1034 May 15

2-Amino-3-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (ACNQ) is a novel growth stimulator for bifidobacteria. The role of ACNQ as a mediator of the electron transfer from NAD(P)H to dioxygen (O(2)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), proposed in our previous paper, was examined using the cell-free extract and whole cells of Bifidobacterium longum. Continuous monitoring of ACNQ, O(2) and H(2)O(2) by several amperometric techniques has revealed that ACNQ works as a good electron acceptor of NAD(P)H diaphorase and that the reduced form of ACNQ is easily autoxidized and also acts as a better electron donor of NAD(P)H peroxidase than NAD(P)H. The generation of H(2)O(2) by B. longum under aerobic conditions is effectively suppressed in the presence of ACNQ. These ACNQ-mediated reactions would play roles as NAD(P)(+)-regeneration processes. The accumulation of ACNQ in the cytosol has been also suggested. These characteristics of ACNQ seem to be responsible for the growth stimulation of bifidobacteria. Vitamin K(3), which has an extremely low growth-stimulating activity and was used as a reference compound, exhibits much lower activity as an electron transfer mediator. The difference in the activity is discussed in terms of the redox potential and partition property of the quinones.
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PMID:Role of 2-amino-3-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, a strong growth stimulator for bifidobacteria, as an electron transfer mediator for NAD(P)(+) regeneration in Bifidobacterium longum. 1043 42

The lizard tail regenerates after autotomy or amputation. After horseradish peroxidase injections in the regenerate, motoneurons were retrogradely labeled only in the three spinal segments rostral to the amputation, whose spinal nerves are severed by tail loss. The changes in these motoneurons, compared to those of lizards with original intact tails, were investigated 5, 15, and 30 days after caudotomy and at 8 months in lizards with mature regenerates. Morphometric analysis of Nissl-stained motoneurons rostral to the amputation revealed marked hypertrophy, peaking at 15 days, when chromatolysis and nuclear eccentricity were also evident; motoneuron perikarya remained significantly larger than in controls after tail regeneration. The dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) stain for apoptotic neurons did not reveal labeled cells in the spinal cord 5 and 15 days after caudotomy. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression was studied with nicotinamide adenine-dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemistry and evaluated quantitatively with densitometry. A few caudal spinal motoneurons were lightly stained in lizards with intact tails. Induction of NADPH-diaphorase positivity was evident in the vast majority of these cells 5 days after caudotomy and was very marked at 15 and 30 days, during tail regrowth. These data were confirmed by neuronal NOS immunohistochemistry. After tail regeneration, histochemical positivity was markedly down-regulated in the tail spinal motoneurons but persisted in the majority of these cells. The findings show that in the lizard caudotomy elicits in axotomized caudal spinal motoneurons NOS induction associated with plasticity phenomena and in particular with vigorous regeneration of axons that innervate the regrowing tail.
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PMID:Plastic changes and nitric oxide synthase induction in neurons that innervate the regenerated tail of the lizard Gekko gecko: I. Response of spinal motoneurons to tail amputation and regeneration. 1066 Aug 88

The Madagascan lesser hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi) is a terrestrial, nocturnal insectivore with a low encephalization index and a huge olfactory bulb. To gain insight into the organization and evolution of olfactory regions in placental mammals, the cytoarchitecture (Nissl), neurochemical attributes [zinc and acetylcholinesterase stain, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPh)-diaphorase, and calcium-binding proteins], and interconnections (injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase and biotinylated dextran amine) of tenrec bulbar and retrobulbar regions were examined. The tenrec has a well-laminated main olfactory bulb, and modified (atypical) glomeruli are found that, to date, have been demonstrated only in murine rodents. Compared with the main olfactory bulb, the accessory bulb is relatively small, with clearly different staining characteristics, particularly with respect to NADPh-diaphorase, anticalbindin, and anticalretinin. External and central anterior olfactory nuclei also show characteristic cytoarchitectural and chemoarchitectural features. The medial olfactory peduncle seems to differ considerably from that in rodents. A small taenial structure can be separated from the hippocampal continuation. This taenia tecti presumably corresponds to the superior part of the tenia tecti in rodents, but no homologue of the rodent's prominent inferior taenia tecti could be found. The connections of bulbar and retrobulbar regions are similar to those seen in other mammals. Interbulbar projection systems connect the two olfactory bulbs through an external (topographic) and central (nontopographic) anterior nucleus; however, the topographic arrangement of the intrabulbar association system seems to differ from that seen in rodents. A reciprocity of direct olfactory bulb connections with the frontal (sulcal/orbital) cortex was found in the tenrec that has not been reported so far in other species.
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PMID:Olfactory bulb and retrobulbar regions in the hedgehog tenrec: organization and interconnections. 1088 Sep 97

Intravenous administration of phenylephrine provokes a pattern of cellular activation in the nucleus of the solitary tract that resembles the central distributions of primary baroreceptor afferents supplied by the carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerves. Transganglionic transport and denervation methods were used in an experimental setting to test the dependence of phenylephrine-induced Fos immunoreactivity on the integrity of buffer nerve afferents, and to identify the subregions of the nucleus of the solitary tract supplied by each. Cholera toxin B-horseradish peroxidase injections into either or both nerves revealed terminal labeling concentrated in, but not restricted to, the dorsal commissural part of the nucleus of the solitary tract at the level of the apex of calamus scriptorius, and extending into the dorsal subnucleus at the level of the area postrema. Preferential ramifications of carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerve afferents at the levels of the commissural part of the nucleus and the area postrema, respectively, were reflected in the extent to which labeled fibers comingled with neurons exhibiting phenylephrine-induced Fos in dual labeling experiments. Complete sinoaortic denervation reduced by 90% the number of neurons exhibiting drug-induced Fos expression. Selective carotid and aortic sinus denervations effected partial reductions manifest preferentially in the caudal and rostral foci of the distribution, respectively. Reduced activational responses at the level of the area postrema of aortic sinus-denervated rats were accompanied by a reduction in cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase activity in this region. Animals killed 30 days after complete sinoaortic denervation displayed no evidence of recovery of phenylephrine-induced Fos, while the strength and distribution of the response in rats that received selective carotid sinus denervation were indistinguishable from those seen in controls. These findings (i) support the dependence of phenylephrine-induced Fos expression on the integrity of carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerve afferents, (ii) provide anatomical and functional evidence that the two buffer nerves distribute differentially within the nucleus of the solitary tract, and (iii) implicate central reorganization as a likely basis for functional recovery of baroreflex mechanisms following partial sinoaortic denervation.
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PMID:Effects of selective sinoaortic denervations on phenylephrine-induced activational responses in the nucleus of the solitary tract. 1106 45


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