Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.8.1.4 (diaphorase)
2,754 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A thermal balloon and control system designed to produce endometrial ablation blindly is described. A latex balloon on a plastic catheter is inserted into the uterus and connected to a control unit. The unit monitors the pressure and temperature of 5% dextrose in water, which has been injected into the balloon to make it conform to the size and shape of the endometrial cavity. The balloon contains a shielded heating element that is activated to heat the liquid in the balloon to a temperature of 92C. The pressure control deactivates the heating element if the pressure falls below 45 mmHg or rises above 165 mmHg. A timer controls and measures the elapsed interval of heating. The device was tested in human uterine specimens for the potential for uterine perforation, uterine rupture, and thermal effects. Subsequently, the device was tested in six patients in Mexico and four patients in London during hysterectomy just after the abdomen was opened. Thermistor probes were placed at various loci in the uterus to monitor temperature during activation of the thermal balloon. Serosal temperatures were unchanged and endometrial temperatures rose to about 90C. The extent of uterine tissue damage was determined in Mexico City by the zone of visible coagulation of the cut wall of the uterus following removal. In London, tissue diaphorase was measured to determine the depth of destruction of the cellular oxidative enzymes. These measurements varied from 3.3-10 mm under the conditions of time and temperature used. The safety features and the potential for clinical application are discussed.
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PMID:The endometrial ablator: a new instrument. 816 45

Ethanolic extracts of Propolis are used as antiinflammatory and wound healing drugs since ancient times. In order to facilitate a comparison of different extracts, the standardization on the basis of quantitative determination of prominent components of these extracts has been substituted for simple biochemical "activity" tests. One of these activity tests bases on the inhibition of peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of indole acetic acid indicating the presence of a defined mixture of monophenolic and diphenolic compounds. Other tests (diaphorase-catalyzed reductions and xanthine oxidase-catalyzed oxidations) demonstrate significant radical scavenging properties. Water-soluble extracts of propolis exhibit higher antioxidative and inhibitory activities as compared to the ethanolic extract.
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PMID:Biochemical activities of propolis extracts. I. Standardization and antioxidative properties of ethanolic and aqueous derivatives. 829 22

Polymerized NAD+ (Alg-NAD+) was prepared and its electrochemical properties were investigated. NAD+ has been covalently immobilized at the carboxyl group of alginic acid using water soluble carbodiimide (EDC) and then Alg-NAD+s of various NAD+ density were obtainable depending on NAD+ concentration in the reaction mixture. Absorbance of 260 nm of Alg-NAD+s showed that 3.4 to 17.6% of carboxyl groups of alginic acid were coupled with NAD+. The coenzyme activity of immobilized NAD+ has reached 80 to 90% on each Alg-NAD+. A cathodic peak in the cyclic voltammogram of Alg-NAD+ appeared at -1.2 V (vs. SCE) corresponding to the reduction wave of free NAD+. The anodic wave of NAD dimer was not observed in the presence of 2.0 mM methyl viologen and 5 units of diaphorase and NAD+ immobilized on the composite electrode could be reduced to the normal NADH. The ratio of apparent diffusion coefficient (Dapp.) of Alg-NAD+ and free NAD+ was evaluated from the variation of ipc with the square root of sweep rate (v 1/2). Despite the high molecular weight of Alg-NAD+, Dapp. Alg-NAD+/Dapp. free NAD+ are larger than that expected. These results indicate that electron transfer occurred effectively between each NAD+ molecule immobilized onto the polymer chain. It is also confirmed by a conjugated redox enzyme reaction with Alg-NAD+.
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PMID:Electron-transfer function of NAD+-immobilized alginic acid. 860 Sep 77

Nitric oxide has been postulated as a retrograde intercellular messenger for long-term potentiation, a form of synaptic plasticity that is associated with learning and memory processes. In the present study we investigated whether the loss or survival of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase-containing neurons, which are known to synthesize nitric oxide, would be an useful indicator for evaluating the structural and functional state of the rat hippocampus after status epilepticus that is induced by intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid. Besides NADPH diaphorase histochemistry, two other histological parameters were studied: the grade of cell damage evaluated from silver-impregnated sections, and the number of somatostatin-containing neurons in different hippocampal subfields. We found that the number of NADPH diaphorase-containing neurons in the hilus and granule cell layer correlated well with spatial learning and memory performance as assessed by the Morris water-maze test. The extent of cell damage in the CA1 subfield analysed in silver-impregnated sections and the number of hilar somatostatin-containing neurons also significantly correlated with latencies in the water-maze test. Furthermore, linear regression analysis revealed that the number of somatostatin-containing neurons in the hilus explains about 50% of the variation in water-maze learning. These findings emphasize that although general structural preservation is of crucial importance for the function of the hippocampus also interneurons, such as somatostatin- and NADPH diaphorase-containing neurons, may play an important role during the acquisition phase and processing of information in hippocampal circuitry. Therefore, in addition to evaluating general cell damage, analysis of the cell loss that occurs in the interneuron subpopulations will be beneficial in verifying structural and functional deficits of the hippocampus after status epilepticus.
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PMID:Comparison of NADPH diaphorase histochemistry, somatostatin immunohistochemistry, and silver impregnation in detecting structural and functional impairment in experimental status epilepticus. 925 25

Rabbits given 1 ppm of vanadate in drinking water for twelve months showed (a) increased plasma levels of catecholamines (b) reduction of the arterial concentration of nitric oxide (c) lower activity of urine kallikrein and higher activities of urine kininases I and II and enkephalinase (d) reduced cardiac inotropism and augmented total peripheral resistance, with unchanged blood pressure levels (e) accumulation of the metal in the aorta and cardiac ventricles. Monoaminooxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were increased by vanadate in both kidney and liver and that of NADH-diaphorase in the kidney, in which NADPH-diaphorase activity was reduced. Some of the above results were also obtained in rats given 10 and 40 ppm of vanadate in drinking water for six-seven months; these animals showed arterial hypertension and reduced activity of Na, K-ATPase in the kidney. Vanadium appears to act on the cardiovascular function through selective neurohumoral, autacoidal and transductional mechanisms only in part depending on the species.
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PMID:[Neurohumoral, autacoid and transductional mechanisms in the cardiovascular effects of vanadate: histochemical correlations]. 937 36

The distribution of immunoreactivity to neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and vasopressin (AVP) was studied in the circumventricular organs of the female rat. The occurrence of NOS immunoreactivity showed correspondence to nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase reactivity, a previously used but less specific marker for neuronal NOS. nNOS immunolabeling was detected in the two most rostrally located circumventricular organs - the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and the subfornical organ. In the latter, AVP immunoreactivity was observed in some cell bodies, which also were nNOS-immunoreactive. In the median eminence and the neurohypophysis there were large amounts of nNOS- and AVP-immunoreactive nerve fibers, which often displayed similarities in distribution and morphology. Within the pineal gland, only very few nNOS-immunoreactive varicose terminals were observed, which ran along blood vessels. nNOS immunoreactivity was also seen in the epithelium of the choroid plexus, whereas no nNOS immunoreactivity could be found in the subcommissural organ or in the area postrema. The present demonstration of nNOS and AVP immunoreactivity in the subfornical organ, median eminence, and neurohypophysis, and the occurrence of nNOS immunoreactivity also in the choroid plexus and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, provides a morphological background for a functional role for nitric oxide in water homeostatic mechanisms, both as executed through the hypothalamohypophyseal system and via the production of cerebrospinal fluid.
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PMID:Nitric oxide synthase and vasopressin in rat circumventricular organs. An immunohistochemical study. 938 4

Changes of nitric oxide (NO)-producing neurons in the brain following learning is not yet clear. In present study, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) immunohistochemistry were used to detect NOS neurons in rat brain. Results demonstrated that expression of NOS neurons in dentate gyrus and frontal cortex was significantly increased after a water-rewarded spatial alternation task when compared with that after sham training. The elevated expression of NOS neurons occurred not only in the earlier memory stage, but also in the later memory stage. In addition, the expression location and cell counts of NOS neurons in dentate gyrus and frontal cortex with NADPH-d staining or nNOS immunoreactivity resembled each other, but the cell counts of NADPH-d positive neurons were a little more than those of nNOS immunoreactive neurons. The involvement of NO in the processes of spatial learning and memory is further suggested.
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PMID:Spatial learning and memory induce up-regulation of nitric oxide-producing neurons in rat brain. 972 7

We investigated the pathophysiological role of nitric oxide synthesized by inducible nitric oxide synthase in the brain, by injecting lipopolysaccharide directly into the rat cerebral cortex/hippocampus. The levels of nitric oxide metabolites, nitrite and nitrate, began to increase in a dose-dependent manner with a 3-h lag, and reached approximately seven-fold the basal levels 8 h after the direct injection of lipopolysaccharide (5 microg). The lipopolysaccharide-induced increase in nitrite and nitrate levels was inhibited by treatment with the specific inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor aminoguanidine. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide delayed the onset of the increase in nitric oxide metabolite levels, and reduced the peak levels. Lipopolysaccharide increased Ca2+-independent, but not Ca2+-dependent, nitric oxide synthase activity in the brain. Intense nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase activity was observed in round cells in the vicinity of the site of injection of lipopolysaccharide 8 h after the injection. Neuronal death was observed seven days after the injection of lipopolysaccharide. Spatial memory, as assessed by performance in a water maze task and spontaneous alternation behavior in a Y-maze, was significantly impaired in rats which had had previous bilateral injections of lipopolysaccharide into the hippocampus. The lipopolysaccharide-induced neuronal death and spatial memory impairments were prevented by aminoguanidine. These results suggest that direct injection of lipopolysaccharide into the brain causes an induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in vivo. Furthermore, it is suggested that nitric oxide produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase is responsible for the lipopolysaccharide-induced brain dysfunction.
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PMID:Brain dysfunction associated with an induction of nitric oxide synthase following an intracerebral injection of lipopolysaccharide in rats. 1005 Dec 7

The modulating effect of thymoquinone (TQ) on benzo(a)pyrene (BP)-induced forestomach tumours was investigated in female Swiss albino mice, receiving oral administration of BP at a dose of 1 mg twice weekly for 4 weeks. Administration of 0.01% of TQ in drinking water 1 week before, during and after BP treatment until the end of the experiment resulted in significant suppression of BP-induced tumourigenesis when compared with the group receiving BP alone. TQ inhibited both BP-induced forestomach tumour incidence and multiplicity by 70% and 67%, respectively. Lipid peroxide accumulation and decreased glutathione (GSH) content and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and DT diaphorase activities were observed in the liver of BP-treated tumour-bearing mice. TQ alone showed a significant induction in the enzyme activities of hepatic GST and DT diaphorase. Mice treated with TQ along with BP showed almost normal hepatic lipid peroxides and GSH levels, and normal enzyme activities compared to the control group. The present data may indicate the potential of TQ, the main constituent of the volatile oil of Nigella sativa seed, as a powerful chemopreventive agent against BP-induced forestomach tumours in mice. The possible modes of action of TQ may be through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, coupled with enhancement of detoxification processes.
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PMID:Inhibition of benzo(a)pyrene-induced forestomach carcinogenesis in mice by thymoquinone. 1054 99

The NADH:ubiquinone reductase (NDH-2) of Escherichia coli was expressed as a His-tagged protein, extracted from the membrane fraction using detergent and purified by chromatography. The His-tagged NDH-2 was highly active and catalyzed NADH oxidation by ubiquinone-1 at rates over two orders of magnitude higher than previously reported. The purified, His-tagged NDH-2, like native NDH-2, did not oxidize deamino-NADH. Steady-state kinetics were used to analyze the enzyme's activity in the presence of different electron acceptors. High V(max) and low K(m) values were only found for hydrophobic ubiquinone analogues, particularly ubiquinone-2. These findings strongly support the notion that NDH-2 is a membrane bound enzyme, despite the absence of predicted transmembrane segments in its primary structure. The latter observation is in agreement with possible evolutionary relation between NDH-2 and water-soluble enzymes such as dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase. There is currently no clear indication of how NDH-2 binds to biological membranes.
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PMID:Purification of the 45 kDa, membrane bound NADH dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli (NDH-2) and analysis of its interaction with ubiquinone analogues. 1066 66


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