Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.8.1.4 (diaphorase)
2,754 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neurons in the human adrenal medulla, stained by the NADH-diaphorase reaction, were counted and their neurochemical markers were investigated by double labeling immunofluorescence with special reference to substance P. The findings indicate a significant participation of intramedullary nerve cell bodies in human adrenal innervation with 40.4 neurons/mm3 adrenal medulla. Substance P-immunoreactive neurons, which made up approximately 20% of all neurons, exhibited heterogeneity by co-localization of immunoreactivities for dynorphin, for cholecystokinin, and for neurofilament triplet. Substance-P-immunolabeled neurons were always nonreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide, for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, or for tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine synthesis. These chemical phenotypes of intramedullary neurons reveal immunohistochemical similarities with postganglionic neurons in parasympathetic ganglia or with enteric neurons, suggesting a hitherto unrecognized functional significance of the intrinsic nervous system in the human adrenal gland.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical heterogeneity of nerve cells in the human adrenal gland with special reference to substance P. 860 96

The rat uterus is innervated by sensory and autonomic nerves. Sensory and sympathetic fibers travel in the hypogastric nerves and are associated with the thoracolumbar spinal cord levels T13-L3. The inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) contains the somata of sympathetic postganglionic neurons and some of these may project axons to the uterus. Sensory and parasympathetic fibers travel in the pelvic nerve and are associated with the lumbosacral cord levels L6-S1 and pelvic ganglion (PG). We previously reported data concerning the neurochemical anatomy of the PG with regard to the uterine innervation; the present study was undertaken to characterize the neurochemical anatomy of the IMG with regard to it involvement in uterine innervation. A retrograde axonal tracer was used to verify projections of axons of IMG neurons to the uterus. Immunostaining of cryostat sections of the IMG revealed neurons immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y (NPY) and for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Immunostaining for the synaptic terminal protein synapsin I (SYN) revealed numerous fine terminals immediately surrounding the principal neurons and in the interneuronal spaces. Varicosities immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), enkephalin (ENK), substance P (SP) and galanin (GAL) appear to be associated with principal neurons. Additional varicosities stained for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced)-diaphorase (NADPH-d) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), thus indicating sites of neuronal nitric oxide synthesis. This study revealed that the IMG contains uterine-related neurons and that some of the retrogradely labeled uterine-related neurons contain NPY, TH or both NPY/TH. In addition, uterine-related neurons received abundant afferent inputs indicated by SYN-immunoreactive (-ir) terminals and some of these varicosities labeled for GAL, CGRP, VIP, ENK, or NADPH-d/NOS.
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PMID:Identification of uterine-related sympathetic neurons in the rat inferior mesenteric ganglion: neurotransmitter content and afferent input. 881 65

The presence and coexistence of calbindin D-28k-immunoreactivity (ir) and nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase activity (a marker of neurons that are presumed to convert L-arginine to L-citrulline and nitric oxide) were examined in the glossopharyngeal and vagal sensory ganglia (jugular, petrosal and nodose ganglia) of the rat. Calbindin D-28k-ir nerve cells were found in moderate and large numbers in the petrosal and nodose ganglia, respectively. Some calbindin D-28k-ir nerve cells were also observed in the jugular ganglion. NADPH-diaphorase positive nerve cells were localized to the jugular and nodose ganglia and were rare in the petrosal ganglion. A considerable portion (33-51%) of the NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons in these ganglia colocalized calbindin D-28k-ir. The presence and colocalization of calbindin D-28k-ir and NADPH-diaphorase activity in neurotransmitter-identified subpopulations of visceral sensory neurons were also studied. In all three ganglia, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-ir was present in many NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons, a subset of which also contained calbindin D-28k-ir. In the nodose ganglion, many (42%) of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-ir neurons also contained NADPH diaphorase activity but did not contain calbindin D-28k-ir. These data are consistent with a potential co-operative role for calbindin D-28k and NADPH-diaphorase in the functions of a subpopulation of vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory neurons.
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PMID:Coexistence of calbindin D-28k and NADPH-diaphorase in vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory neurons of the rat. 891 73

While the crucial role of neurally produced nitric oxide in mediating penile erection is well established, the understanding of the peripheral neuroanatomy of the nitric oxide-ergic pathways is still incomplete. This study was designed to elucidate further the distribution of nitric oxide synthase, and its relation to the distribution of neuropeptides and tyrosine hydroxylase in all penis-projecting neural pathways. A triple-labelling technique was employed, with the retrograde tracer Fluoro Gold combined with neuropeptide immunohistochemistry and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemistry, a marker of nitric oxide synthase. The presence within the penis of scattered nerve cell bodies exhibiting NADPH-diaphorase activity was revealed. Most (76%) of the penis-projecting neurons in the major pelvic ganglion exhibited NADPH-diaphorase activity and immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal peptide, while none of them contained tyrosine hydroxylase. Sympathetic paravertebral postganglionic neurons, in turn, contained tyrosine hydroxylase, but did not exhibit NADPH-diaphorase activity. In the afferent, sensory neurons projecting to the penis from the dorsal root ganglia, NADPH-diaphorase activity coexisted with immunoreactivity to both substance P (8%) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (26%). Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord intermediolateral column at the thoracolumbar level T11-L3 terminated, not only in the major pelvic ganglion, but also within the penis. The majority (81%) of the penis-projecting neurons exhibited NADPH-diaphorase activity. The results indicate that the rat penis receives several different nitric oxide-ergic neural projections. It is therefore possible that nitric oxide affects penile erection at several neuronal levels.
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PMID:Nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons originating at several different levels innervate rat penis. 895 82

The distribution of nitrergic neurons in the pancreas of the newborn guinea pig was first investigated, using nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunofluorescence and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. There was total colocalization of NOS and NADPH-d in the pancreatic ganglion cells. NADPH-d was then used as a marker for NOS. In the whole mount preparation of the pancreas, most of the nitrergic neurons were located in the head and the body region, along the branches of pancreatic blood vessels. Some were also associated with the main pancreatic duct, islets of Langerhans and pancreatic acini. To investigate whether NADPH-d stained cells were neurons and whether NADPH-d was colocalized with various neuropeptides and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H), an enzyme involved in the synthesis of noradrenaline, antibodies against neuron specific enolase (NSE), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY). D beta H, substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and bombesin (BOM) were used. Of all NSE positive ganglion cells, 76.8% were NADPH-d positive. NOS, VIP, NPY and D beta H immunoreactivities were found in both the neuronal cell bodies and nerve fibres in the pancreas while SP, CGRP and BOM immunoreactivities were detected only in the nerve fibres. SP-, CGRP- and BOM-containing nerves were in close contact with both NADPH-d positive as well as NADPH-d negative neurons. The percentages of NADPH-d/VIP, NADPH-d/NPY, NADPH-d/D beta H neurons in the total number of pancreatic neurons were 67.4%, 53.5%, 21.5% respectively. With double labelling in adjacent sections three subpopulations of pancreatic ganglion cells were demonstrated: NADPH-d/VIP/NPY, NADPH-d/VIP/D beta H and NADPH-d/NPY/D beta H.
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PMID:Nitrergic neurons in the pancreas of newborn guinea pig: their distribution and colocalization with various neuropeptides and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. 898 82

A primary neurogenic component is often being postulated to be responsible for unfavourable postoperative results of bladder growth and continence in the exstrophy-epispadias complex. On the other hand, we have seen favourable clinical situations and urodynamic follow-up after primary reconstruction employing the 'Erlangen technique' without evidence of primary dysinnervation. Since there are only few data available on this issue, we decided to apply immunocytochemistry and histochemistry for neuronal markers as a further step to elucidate this problem. Transmural biopsies were obtained during reconstructive surgery from the bladder dome and trigone of 22 children between September 1994 and June 1995. Indirect immunocytochemistry for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP) calcitonin gene-related product (CGRP) and protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, a universal marker for neuronal tissue and histochemistry for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd), was performed on 14-micron cryostat sections. During the same period of time, control biopsies from 6 healthy bladders of an age-compatible group were subjected to the same examination. In addition, 19 patients were examined urodynamically after reconstruction in order to compare postoperative bladder function with the preexisting innervation pattern. No evidence of dysinnervation was found either morphologically or urodynamically in cases of isolated epispadias and classical exstrophy. Cases of exstrophies after failed reconstruction had muscular innervation deficiencies but increased sub and intraepithelial innervation. This group, according to morphological changes, also demonstrated bladder wall instability, decreased bladder compliance and absent detrusor contractions during micturition. All cloacal exstrophies had an extremely uneven innervation pattern with noticeable calibre differences of nerve fibres and bundles with simultaneously increased innervation density. Functionally these bladders were marked by small capacity and decreased compliance and absent detrusor function. All exstrophies in conjunction with an anal atresia or with a caudal regression syndrome (so-called 'transition forms') had a nearly universal pathological innervation pattern, compatible with cloacal exstrophies and had equally unfavourable functional findings. Cloacal exstrophies and 'transition forms' seemed to have primarily a completely different pattern of innervation when compared to normal bladders. Prognosis of bladder function in these children remains unclear.
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PMID:Comparison of preoperative innervation pattern and postreconstructive urodynamics in the exstrophy-epispadias complex. 931 17

Nitrergic and peptidergic innervation of the chick thymus was studied using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and anti-nitric oxide synthase (NOS) antibodies stained both nerve fibres and 'neuron-like' cells located in the septal connective tissue. NADPH-d and NOS were partially colocalised. Staining of NADPH-d positive neuron-like cells with the neuronal marker, neuron specific enolase, confirmed the neuronal nature of these cells. Antibodies against vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) were used to map the peptidergic innervation of the chick thymus. The distribution of nerve fibres staining for the various neuroactive chemicals in specific thymic compartments was non-uniform. Out of all the peptides, VIP-containing nerves appeared to be the most abundant. In addition, double-labeling of the thymic sections revealed that VIP and NADPH-d were colocalised in the neuronal structures. Immunostaining of the chick embryos demonstrated that VIP, NPY, SP and CGRP were first expressed in the chick thymus during late ontogeny. The significance of these novel findings was discussed.
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PMID:Nitrergic, peptidergic and substance P innervation of the chick thymus. 947 19

The distribution of nitrergic neurons was investigated by using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunohistochemistry in wholemount preparations of the urinary bladder in guinea pigs. Both NADPH-d+ and NOS+ neurons were located predominantly in the bladder base. Double staining showed that 70.9% of the NADPH-d+ neurons coexpressed NOS. Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry revealed that a majority of the intramural neurons were reactive, and about half of them (51.4%) were double labelled for NOS. Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons were also distributed mainly in the bladder base but in a neuronal population that was separate from the preponderant NADPH-d+ neurons. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity was also detected in the some of intramural ganglion cells, in which 21.3% of them coexpressed NADPH-d. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P immunoreactivities were confined to nerve fibers, often in close association with NADPH-d+ cells or extended along the blood vessels. These results have demonstrated the colocalization of NADPH-d and NOS in the majority of intramural ganglion cells. Many of the nitrergic neurons are apparently cholinergic, indicating that they are parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, and this underscores NO as the major neuromodulator in the parasympathetic nerves in the bladder walls. The localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in nitrergic neurons suggests that the peptide may complement NO for regulation of micturition reflex. The close relationship of NADPH-d-reactive intramural neurons with calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P fibers, most probably derived from dorsal root ganglion cells, suggests that NO released from the local neurons may exert its influence on the sensory neural pathways in the urinary bladder.
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PMID:Colocalization of nitric oxide synthase and some neurotransmitters in the intramural ganglia of the guinea pig urinary bladder. 959 May 57

The coexistence of S100beta with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM), nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was examined in the glossopharyngeal and vagal sensory ganglia. S100beta immunoreactive (-ir) neurons in the jugular and petrosal ganglia frequently colocalized CGRP- or SP-ir, whereas S100beta-ir neurons in the nodose ganglion infrequently contained CGRP- or SP-ir. No S100beta-ir neurons in the jugular and petrosal ganglia showed SOM-ir while the small number of SOM-ir neurons in the nodose ganglion colocalized S100beta-ir. Many neurons in the nodose ganglion colocalized S100beta-ir and NADPH-d activity, whereas S100beta-ir neurons in the jugular and nodose ganglia infrequently contained NADPH-d activity. S100beta- and TH-ir were frequently colocalized in nodose ganglion but not in petrosal or jugular ganglion neurons. These findings suggest relationships between S100beta and specific putative transmitters in functions of subpopulations of vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory neurons.
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PMID:Coexistence of s100beta and putative transmitter agents in vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory neurons of the rat. 968 88

The distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-immunoreactivities, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd)-reactivities in the sphenopalatine ganglia (SPG), and perivascular nerves in middle cerebral arteries of the pig was investigated by double-staining techniques using combined immunofluorescence and histochemistry methods. In the SPG, almost all ganglionic cells were NOS-immunoreactive (I) and NADPHd-positive, and both NOS immunoreactivities and NADPHd reactivities were completely co-localized. ChAT-I ganglionic cells accounted for 75%, while VIP-I ganglionic cells represented 42% of all ganglionic cells. Almost all VIP immunoreactivities were co-localized with ChAT immunoreactivities, and all ganglionic cells that were VIP-I and/or ChAT-I were NOS-I and NADPHd-reactive. None of the ganglionic cells in the SPG were immunoreactive to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). CGRP immunoreactivities, however, were found to surround some ganglionic cells. In middle cerebral arteries, all adventitial NOS-I bundles and fine fibers were coincident with NADPHd fibers. Almost all adventitial ChAT-I bundles and thin fibers, and VIP-I mesh-like fibers stained positively for NADPHd, while the mesh-like NADPHd fine fibers were not ChAT-I. Simultaneous labeling using antibodies against VIP and ChAT further indicated that VIP-I fibers were closer than ChAT-I fibers to the smooth muscle. In rare occasions, perivascular fibers were found to be stained for both ChAT and VIP, showing that most ChAT-I and VIP-I fibers were not coincident. These results suggest that ChAT and VIP are rarely co-localized in perivascular nerves in middle cerebral arteries, and point out that the neurotransmitter and the modulator that are co-localized within the same nerve cell body may distribute totally independently and differently at the terminal level. The present results also indicate that in cerebral perivascular nerves, the combination of nitric oxide (NO) and acetylcholine (ACh), as well as the combination of NO and VIP, are localized in the same nerve with different axons containing either NO plus ACh, or NO plus VIP. These findings support the hypothesis that ACh and VIP may act as modulators in regulating presynaptic release of NO, and therefore, cerebral neurogenic vasodilation, from their respective perivascular cholinergic-nitric oxidergic and VIPergic-nitric oxidergic nerves.
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PMID:Segregation of VIPergic-nitric oxidergic and cholinergic-nitric oxidergic innervation in porcine middle cerebral arteries. 972 90


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