Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.8.1.4 (diaphorase)
2,754 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and lipoamide dehydrogenase were purified from muscle of Ascaris lumbricoides var. suum which contains relatively a large amount of the complex. Molecular weights of three constituent enzymes of Ascaris pyruvate dehydrogenase complex were as follows; alpha- and beta-subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase were 42,000 and 37,000, respectively, lipoate acetyltransferase was 76,000 and lipoamide dehydrogenase was 56,000. Furthermore, two unknown polypeptides having molecular weight of 46,000 and 41,000 were detected. Anti-Ascaris lipoamide dehydrogenase antibody precipitated three constituent enzymes and two unknown polypeptides, suggesting that lipoamide dehydrogenase not only binds tightly to complex, but also two unknown polypeptides bind tightly to complex.
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PMID:Characterization and immunochemistry of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Ascaris muscle. 309 96

The molecular structure of lipoamide dehydrogenase from baker's yeast has been determined at 4.5 A resolution by molecular replacement techniques using the known structure of human erythrocyte glutathione reductase as a starting model. The enzyme crystallizes in the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with a = 98.6(2), b = 162.0(2), c = 69.4(2) A. There is one molecule per asymmetric unit. The enzyme is a dimeric protein of identical subunits related by a local two-fold symmetry. Comparison of the tertiary structures between glutathione reductase and the present enzyme shows that the folding is almost the same except for the N and C termini, although some slight shortening or shifting of alpha-helices was found in the electron density map. FAD molecules are found at similar positions to those of glutathione reductase. Since the amino acid residues around FAD and NAD binding sites and at the reaction centers of the two enzymes are strongly conserved, the lipoamide dehydrogenase may catalyze the opposite reaction through a similar mechanism to that proposed for glutathione reductase. The newly found C terminus is located near the edge of a deep cave at the interface between the two subunits. These additional 18 residues form a narrow entrance to the cave, in which the long chain of the dihydrolipoyl moiety of lipoate acetyltransferase will be bound.
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PMID:X-ray study of baker's yeast lipoamide dehydrogenase at 4.5 A resolution by molecular replacement method. 329 18

The production of high-titre monospecific polyclonal antibodies against the purified pyruvate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complexes from ox heart is described. The specificity of these antisera and their precise reactivities with the individual components of the complexes were examined by immunoblotting techniques. All the subunits of the pyruvate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes were strongly antigenic, with the exception of the common lipoamide dehydrogenase component (E3). The titre of antibodies raised against E3 was, in both cases, less than 2% of that of the other subunits. Specific immunoprecipitation of the dissociated N-[3H]ethylmaleimide-labelled enzymes also revealed that E3 alone was absent from the final immune complexes. Strong cross-reactivity with the enzyme present in rat liver (BRL) and ox kidney (NBL-1) cell lines was observed when the antibody against ox heart pyruvate dehydrogenase was utilized to challenge crude subcellular extracts. The immunoblotting patterns again lacked the lipoamide dehydrogenase band, also revealing differences in the apparent Mr of the lipoate acetyltransferase subunit (E2) from ox kidney and rat liver. The additional 50 000-Mr polypeptide, previously found to be associated with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, was apparently not a proteolytic fragment of E2 or E3, since it could be detected as a normal component in boiled sodium dodecyl sulphate extracts of whole cells. The low immunogenicity of the lipoamide dehydrogenase polypeptide may be attributed to a high degree of conservation of its primary sequence and hence tertiary structure during evolution.
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PMID:Low immunogenicity of the common lipoamide dehydrogenase subunit (E3) of mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complexes. 383 92

Lipoamide dehydrogenases from various sources were purified and their immunochemical properties were compared. Antibody against rat lipoamide dehydrogenase reacted with rat, human, pig, pigeon and frog enzymes, but not with enzymes from E. coli, yeast and Ascaris. Anti-Ascaris enzyme and anti-E. coli enzyme antibodies reacted with Ascaris and E. coli enzymes, respectively. The pyruvate dehydrogenase subcomplex, which consists of pyruvate dehydrogenase and lipoate acetyltransferase, was prepared by releasing the lipoamide dehydrogenase from rat heart pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by anti-lipoamide dehydrogenase antibody. Lipoamide dehydrogenases from various sources were added to rat pyruvate dehydrogenase subcomplex and the complex overall activity was measured. Each lipoamide dehydrogenase effectively recovered the overall activity of rat pyruvate dehydrogenase subcomplex to 80% of the original activity.
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PMID:Immunochemical comparison of lipoamide dehydrogenases from various sources and reactivity of various lipoamide dehydrogenases with rat heart pyruvate dehydrogenase-subcomplex. 389 28

The mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase multi-enzyme complex contains a tightly-associated 50 000-Mr polypeptide of unknown function (component X) in addition to its three constituent enzymes, pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), lipoate acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) which are jointly responsible for production of CoASAc and NADH. The presence of component X is apparent on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel analysis of the complex, performed in Tris-glycine buffers although it co-migrates with the E3 subunit on standard phosphate gels run under denaturing conditions. Refined immunological techniques, employing subunit-specific antisera to individual components of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, have demonstrated that protein X is not a proteolytic fragment of E2 (or E3) as suggested previously. In addition, anti-X serum elicits no cross-reaction with either subunit of the intrinsic kinase of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Immune-blotting analysis of SDS extracts of bovine, rat and pig cell lines and derived subcellular fractions have indicated that protein X is a normal cellular component with a specific mitochondrial location. It remains tightly-associated with the 'core' enzyme, E2, on dissociation of the complex at pH 9.5 or by treatment with 0.25 M MgCl2. This polypeptide is not released to any significant extent from E2 by p-hydroxymercuriphenyl sulphonate, a reagent which promotes dissociation of the specific kinase of the complex from the 'core' enzyme. Incubation of the complex with [2-14C]pyruvate in the absence of CoASH promotes the incorporation of radio-label, probably in the form of acetyl groups, into both E2 and component X.
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PMID:Component X. An immunologically distinct polypeptide associated with mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase multi-enzyme complex. 400 43

The 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes consist of multiple copies of each of three enzymes, 2-oxo acid decarboxylase (E1), lipoate acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3), which catalyse successive steps in the overall reaction. The complexes are based on a structural core made up of the E2 chains, which also contain lipoic acid residues covalently attached to lysine residues. These lipoic acid residues are involved in transferring the substrate between the different active sites. A combination of limited proteolysis and 1H NMR experiments has shown that the E2 component has an unusual structure, having a substantial segment of polypeptide chain in the form of a highly flexible random coil. This flexibility allows the lipoyl-lysine residues to move rapidly over considerable distances, and provides a mechanism for the system of active-site coupling observed in these complexes.
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PMID:Mobility and active-site coupling in 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes. 634 Sep 97

A computer modeling system developed to analyze experimental data for inactivation of the Escherichia coli alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDC) accompanying release of lipoyl moieties by lipoamidase and by trypsin [Hackert, M.L., Oliver, R.M. & Reed, L.J. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 2226-2230] was used to analyze analogous data for the E. coli pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). The model studies indicate that the activity of PDC, as found for KGDC, is influenced by redundancies and random processes, which we describe as a multiple random coupling mechanism. In both complexes more than one lipoyl moiety services each pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1) or alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.2) (E1) subunit, and an extensive lipoyl-lipoyl interaction network for exchange of electrons and possibly acyl groups must also be present. The best fit between computed and experimental data for PDC was obtained with a model that has four lipoyl domains with four or, more probably, eight lipoyl moieties servicing each E1 subunit. The lipoyl-lipoyl interaction network for PDC has lipoyl domain interactions similar to those found for KGDC plus the additional possibility of interaction of a lipoyl moiety and its paired mate on each dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.12) (E2) subunit. The two lipoyl moieties on an E2 subunit in PDC appear to be functionally indistinguishable, each servicing the acetyltransferase site of that E2 subunit and a dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.4.3) (E3) subunit if the latter is bound to that particular E2 subunit. The observed difference between inactivation of PDC by lipoamidase and by trypsin appears to be due to dead-end competitive inhibition by lipoyl domains that have been modified by excision of lipoyl moieties by lipoamidase.
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PMID:A computer model analysis of the active-site coupling mechanism in the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli. 634 73

Incubation of pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (PD complex) from Escherichia coli with thiamin pyrophosphate, pyruvate, coenzyme A, Mg2+, and the radiolabeled bifunctional arsenoxide p-[(bromoacetyl)-amino]phenyl arsenoxide (BrCH214CONHPhAsO) led to the irreversible loss of lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) activity. The mode of inactivation occurred by initial "anchoring" of the reagent via its -AsO group to reduced lipoyl residues on lipoate acetyltransferase (E2) (generated by substrates) followed by the delivery of the BrCH214CO- moiety into the active site of E3 where an irreversible alkylation ensued [Stevenson, K. J., Hale, G., & Perham, R. N. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 2189]. To account for nonspecific alkylations, not mediated by this delivery process, control experiments were conducted in which the radiolabeled bifunctional reagent was incubated with PD complex in the absence of substrates. E3 subunits were isolated from inhibited and control PD complexes by chromatography on hydroxylapatite in the presence of 8 M urea. Acid hydrolysis of the alkylated E3 and control E3 samples produced radiolabeled carboxymethylated amino acids that were identified and quantitated by high-voltage electrophoresis and amino acid/radiochemical analysis. The inhibited sample contained N3-(carboxymethyl)histidine and a small amount of S-(carboxymethyl)cysteine. These residues were not present in significant amounts in the controls. The loss of 81% of E3 activity correlated with the alkylation of about 0.7 residue of histidine and 0.1 residue of cysteine per mol of E3.
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PMID:Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex from Escherichia coli with a radiolabeled bifunctional arsenoxide: evidence for an essential histidine residue at the active site of lipoamide dehydrogenase. 637 Mar 6

A simple procedure is described for the purification of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis. The method is rapid and applicable to small quantities of bacterial cells. The purified pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (s0(20),w = 73S) comprises multiple copies of four different types of polypeptide chain, with apparent Mr values of 59 500, 55 000, 42 500 and 36 000: these were identified as the polypeptide chains of the lipoate acetyltransferase (E2), dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) and the two types of subunit of the pyruvate decarboxylase (E1) components respectively. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes were also purified from two ace (acetate-requiring) mutants of B. subtilis. That from mutant 61142 was found to be inactive, owing to an inactive E1 component, which was bound less tightly than wild-type E1 and was gradually lost from the E2E3 subcomplex during purification. Subunit-exchange experiments demonstrated that the E2E3 subcomplex retained full enzymic activity, suggesting that the lesion was limited to the E1 component. Mutant 61141R elaborated a functional pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, but this also contained a defective E1 component, the Km for pyruvate being raised from 0.4 mM to 4.3 mM. The E1 component rapidly dissociated from the E2E3 subcomplex at low temperature (0-4 degrees C), leaving an E2E3 subcomplex which by subunit-exchange experiments was judged to retain full enzymic activity. These ace mutants provide interesting opportunities to analyse defects in the self-assembly and catalytic activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
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PMID:Wild-type and mutant forms of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex from Bacillus subtilis. 640 95

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was purified from rat heart. The complex showed four polypeptide bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, corresponding to lipoate acetyltransferase (mol.wt. 68 000), lipoamide dehydrogenase (mol.wt. 56 000), alpha-subunit (mol.wt. 41 000) and beta-subunit (mol.wt. 35 000) of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Rat heart pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was dissociated into three component enzymes and the antibodies against each component enzyme were prepared. Anti-pyruvate dehydrogenase and anti-lipoate acetyltransferase antibodies effectively precipitated pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, but an anti-lipoamide dehydrogenase antibody released lipoamide dehydrogenase from the complex and effectively precipitated lipoamide dehydrogenase. Lipoamide dehydrogenase was synthesized in a cell-free reticulocyte lysate system with total RNA from rat liver. Its translation product was detected as a putative precursor which is 3000 Da larger than the mature subunit. In cell-free translation programmed with free and membrane-bound polysomes, activity of mRNA coding for the precursor of the enzyme was much higher in free polysomes than in membrane-bound polysomes.
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PMID:Purification and immunochemical studies of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from rat heart, and cell-free synthesis of lipoamide dehydrogenase, a component of the complex. 641 56


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