Gene/Protein
Disease
Symptom
Drug
Enzyme
Compound
Pivot Concepts:
Gene/Protein
Disease
Symptom
Drug
Enzyme
Compound
Target Concepts:
Gene/Protein
Disease
Symptom
Drug
Enzyme
Compound
Query: EC:1.7.1.4 (
nitrite reductase
)
1,847
document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)
Metal toxicity in crop plants is a matter of scientific concern. Therefore, in recent years efforts have been made to minimize metal toxicity in crop plants. Out of various strategies, priming of seedlings with certain chemicals, like e.g. donors of signaling molecules, nutrients, metabolites or plant hormones has shown encouraging results. However, mechanisms related with the priming-induced mitigation of metal toxicity are still poorly known. Hence, we have tested the potential of 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) priming in enhancing the arsenate (As
V
) toxicity tolerance in tomato seedlings along with deciphering the probable role of nitric oxide (NO) in accomplishing this task. Arsenate decreased growth, endogenous NO and nitric oxide synthase-like activity but enhanced the accumulation of As, which collectively led to root cell death. Arsenate toxicity also decreased some photosynthetic characteristics (i.e. F
v
/F
m,
qP, F
v
/F
0
and F
m
/F
0
, and total chlorophyll content) but enhanced NPQ. However, priming with 2-OG alleviated the toxic effect of As
V
on growth, endogenous NO, cell death and photosynthesis. Moreover, arsenate inhibited the activities of enzymes of nitrogen metabolism (i.e. nitrate reductase,
nitrite reductase
, glutamine synthetase and
glutamine
2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase) but increased the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase and NH
4
+
content. Superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and membrane damage increased upon As
V
exposure, but the antioxidant enzymes (i.e. superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase) showed differential responses. Overall, our results showed that 2-OG is capable of alleviating As
V
toxicity in tomato seedlings but the involvement of endogenous NO is probably required.
...
PMID:Priming of tomato seedlings with 2-oxoglutarate induces arsenic toxicity alleviatory responses by involving endogenous nitric oxide. 3265 64
Nitrogen is the main limiting nutrient after carbon, hydrogen and oxygen for photosynthetic process, phyto-hormonal, proteomic changes and growth-development of plants to complete its lifecycle. Excessive and inefficient use of N fertilizer results in enhanced crop production costs and atmospheric pollution. Atmospheric nitrogen (71%) in the molecular form is not available for the plants. For world's sustainable food production and atmospheric benefits, there is an urgent need to up-grade nitrogen use efficiency in agricultural farming system. The nitrogen use efficiency is the product of nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen utilization efficiency, it varies from 30.2 to 53.2%. Nitrogen losses are too high, due to excess amount, low plant population, poor application methods etc., which can go up to 70% of total available nitrogen. These losses can be minimized up to 15-30% by adopting improved agronomic approaches such as optimal dosage of nitrogen, application of N by using canopy sensors, maintaining plant population, drip fertigation and legume based intercropping. A few transgenic studies have shown improvement in nitrogen uptake and even increase in biomass. Nitrate reductase,
nitrite reductase
, glutamine synthetase,
glutamine
oxoglutarate aminotransferase and asparagine synthetase enzyme have a great role in nitrogen metabolism. However, further studies on carbon-nitrogen metabolism and molecular changes at omic levels are required by using "whole genome sequencing technology" to improve nitrogen use efficiency. This review focus on nitrogen use efficiency that is the major concern of modern days to save economic resources without sacrificing farm yield as well as safety of global environment, i.e. greenhouse gas emissions, ammonium volatilization and nitrate leaching.
...
PMID:Fate of nitrogen in agriculture and environment: agronomic, eco-physiological and molecular approaches to improve nitrogen use efficiency. 3306 19
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