Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.7.1.2 (nitrate reductase)
 3,861 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Most fungi grow under aerobic conditions by generating ATP through oxygen respiration. However, they alternatively express two pathways of dissimilatory nitrate reduction in response to environmental oxygen tension when the oxygen supply is insufficient. The fungus Fusarium oxysporum expressed the pathway of respiratory nitrate denitrification that is catalyzed by the sequential reactions of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase. These enzymes are coupled with ATP generation through the respiratory chain and produce nitric oxide. Fungal nitric oxide reductase uses NADH as the direct electron donor in contrast to bacterial systems and thus might function in regeneration of NAD+ and detoxification of the toxic radical, nitric oxide. Another pathway of nitrate dissimilation by fungi reduces nitrate to ammonium and couples acetogenic reaction with substrate-level phosphorylation. This metabolic mechanism is also in feature of a variety of fungi and it is called ammonia fermentation. Thus, fungi adapt to various aerated conditions using these pathways of nitrate dissimilation in addition to conventional oxygen respiration.
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PMID:Dissimilatory nitrate reduction metabolisms and their control in fungi. 1623 42

Nutrient enrichment with a nitrogen (as nitrate) or carbon (as fructose) source to unaerated diazo and photoautorophic cultures of the cyanobacterium Anabaena torulosa induced early development of akinetes with high frequency. When cultures under any mode of nutrition were aerated, akinetes were not differentiated. Unaerated cultures with nitrate nitrogen or fructose exhibited higher respiratory rates and nitrogen assimilation compared to aerated cultures. This was evidenced by increased respiratory O2 uptake and high activities of pyruvate kinase, malate dehydrogenase (NAD+), nitrogenase and nitrate reductase signifying that akinete forming unaerated cultures exhibited high carbon dissimilation and nitrogen assimilation resulting in high nitrogenous build up in the cells. Aerated, non-akinete cultures, on the other hand, were associated with low respiratory O2 uptake, low pyruvate kinase and malate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activities, suggesting that carbon dissimilation was not favoured either in presence of nitrate or fructose. Moreover, higher activity of NADP+ linked malate dehydrogenase and lower nitrate reductase activity in aerated cultures led to a high carbon and low nitrogen content of the cells resulting in high cellular C:N ratio. The results suggest that interaction between carbon and nitrogen metabolism regulates akinete development in A. torulosa.
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PMID:Interaction between carbon and nitrogen metabolism during akinete development in the cyanobacterium Anabaena torulosa. 1838 24

A water culture experiment with controlled dissolved oxygen concentration was conducted to explore the effects of exogenous NO3- on the root function and enzyme activities related to nitrogen metabolism of cherry (Prunun cerasus x P. canescens) seedlings under hypoxia stress. Comparing with the control (7.5 mmol NO3- x L(-1)), treatments 15 and 22.5 mmol NO3- x L(-1) made the materials for plant metabolism abundant, ensured the synthesis of enzyme proteins, increased root activity, maintained root respiration, improved the activities of enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism, such as nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthethase (GS), and glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH) in roots, and thereby, supplied enough energy for root respiration and NAD+ to glycolytic pathway, ensured electron transfer, and avoid ammonium toxicity under hypoxia stress. As a result, the injury of hypoxia stress to cherry plant was alleviated. Applying NO3- at the concentration of 22.5 mmol x L(-1) was more advisable. However, NO3- deficiency (0 mmol x L(-1)) showed opposite results. The above results suggested that applying exogenous NO3- to growth medium could regulate cherry root function and nitrogen metabolism, and antagonize the damage of hypoxia stress on cherry roots.
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PMID:[Effects of exogenous NO3- on cherry root function and enzyme activities related to nitrogen metabolism under hypoxia stress]. 2144 20

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most dangerous pathogens. Bacterial resistance to antituberculosis drugs grows each year, but searching for new drugs is a long process. Testing for available drugs to find active against mycobacteria may be a good alternative. In this work, antibiotics of the aureolic acid group were tested on a model organism Mycobacterium smegmatis. We presumed that antibiotics of this group may be potential G4 ligands. However, this was not confirmed in our analyses. We determined the antimicrobial activity of these drugs and revealed morphological changes in the cell structure upon treatment. Transcriptomic analysis documented increased expression of MSMEG_3743/soj and MSMEG_4228/ftsW, involved in cell division. Therefore, drugs may affect cell division, possibly disrupting the function of the Z-ring and the formation of a septum. Additionally, a decrease in the transcription level of several indispensable genes, such as nitrate reductase subunits (MSMEG_5137/narI and MSMEG_5139/narX) and MSMEG_3205/hisD was shown. We concluded that the mechanism of action of aureolic acid and its related compounds may be similar to that bedaquiline and disturb the NAD+/NADH balance in the cell. All of this allowed us to conclude that aureolic acid derivatives can be considered as potential antituberculosis drugs.
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PMID:Aureolic Acid Group of Agents as Potential Antituberculosis Drugs. 3308 95


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