Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.7.1.2 (nitrate reductase)
 3,861 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Diurnal changes in carbohydrates and nitrate reductase (NR) activity were compared in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum. L.cv. Gatersleben) plants growing in a long (18 h light/6 h dark) and a short (6 h light/18 h dark) day growth regime, or after short-term changes in the light regime. In long-day-grown plants, source leaves contained high levels of sugars throughout the light and dark periods. In short-day-grown plants, levels of sucrose and reducing sugars were very low at the end of the night and, although they rose during the light period, remained much lower than in long days and declined to very low levels again by the middle of the night. Starch accumulated more rapidly in short-day-than long-day-grown plants. Starch was completely remobilised during the night in short days, but not in long days. A single short day/long night cycle sufficed to stimulate starch accumulation during the following light period. In long-day-grown plants, the Nia transcript level was high at the end of the night, decreased during the day, and recovered gradually during the night. In short-day-grown plants, the Nia transcript level was relatively low at the end of the night, decreased to very low levels at the end of the light period, increased to a marked maximum in the middle of the night, and decreased during the last 5 h of the dark period. In long-day-grown plants, NR activity in source leaves rose by 2- to 3-fold in the first part of the light period and decreased in the second part of the light period. In short-day-grown plants, NR activity was low at the end of the night, and only increased slightly after illumination. Dark inactivation of source-leaf NR was partially reversed in long-day-grown plants, but not in short day-grown plants. In both growth regimes, mutants with one instead of four functional copies of the Nia gene had a 60% reduction in maximum NR activity in the source leaves, compared to wild-type plants. The diurnal changes in NR activity were almost completely suppressed in the mutants in long days, whereas the mutants showed similar or slightly larger diurnal changes than wild-type plants in short days. When short-day-grown plants were transferred to long-day conditions for 3 d, NR activity and the diurnal changes in NR activity resembled those in long-day-grown plants. Phloem export from source leaves of short-day-grown plants was partially inhibited by applying a cold-girdle for one light and dark cycle. The resulting increase in leaf sugar was accompanied by an marked increase in the Nia transcript level and a 2-fold increase in NR activity at the end of the dark period. When wild-type plants were subjected to a single short day/long night cycle of increasing severity, NR activity in source leaves at the end of the night decreased when the endogenous sugars declined below about 3 mumol hexose (g FW)-1. In sink leaves in short-day conditions, sugars were higher and the light-induced rise in NR activity was much larger than in source leaves on the same plants. The source leaves of wild-type plants in short-day conditions contained very high levels of nitrate, very low levels of glutamine, low levels of total amino acids, and lower protein and chlorophyll, compared to long-day-grown plants. Plants grown in short days had relatively high levels of glutamate and aspartate, and extremely low levels of most of the minor amino acids in their source leaves at the end of the night. Illumination led to a decrease in glutamate and an increase in the minor amino acids. A single short day/long night cycle led to an increase in glutamate, and a large decrease in the minor acids at the end of the dark period, and reillumination led to a decrease in glutamate and an increase in the minor amino acids. It is proposed that sugar-mediated control of Nia expression and NR activity overrides regulation by nitrogenous compounds when sugars are in short supply, resulting in a severe inhibition of nitrate assimilation. It is also proposed that su
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PMID:Growth of tobacco in short-day conditions leads to high starch, low sugars, altered diurnal changes in the Nia transcript and low nitrate reductase activity, and inhibition of amino acid synthesis. 995 17

The physiological basis of drought resistance in Ziziphus rotundifolia Lamk., which is an important, multipurpose fruit tree of the northwest Indian arid zone, was investigated in a greenhouse experiment. Three irrigation regimes were imposed over a 34-day period: an irrigation treatment, a gradual drought stress treatment (50% of water supplied in the irrigation treatment) and a rapid drought stress treatment (no irrigation). Changes in gas exchange, water relations, carbon isotope composition and solute concentrations of leaves, stems and roots were determined. The differential rate of stress development in the two drought treatments did not result in markedly different physiological responses, but merely affected the time at which they were expressed. The initial response to decreasing soil water content was reduced stomatal conductance, effectively maintaining predawn leaf water potential (Psi(leaf)), controlling water loss and increasing intrinsic water-use efficiency, while optimizing carbon gain during drought. Carbon isotope composition (delta13C) of leaf tissue sap provided a more sensitive indicator of changes in short-term water-use efficiency than delta13C of bulk leaf tissue. As drought developed, osmotic potential at full turgor decreased and total solute concentrations increased in leaves, indicating osmotic adjustment. Decreases in leaf starch concentrations and concomitant increases in hexose sugars and sucrose suggested a shift in carbon partitioning in favor of soluble carbohydrates. In severely drought-stressed leaves, high leaf nitrate reductase activities were paralleled by increases in proline concentration, suggesting an osmoprotective role for proline. As water deficit increased, carbon was remobilized from leaves and preferentially redistributed to stems and roots, and leaves were shed, resulting in reduced whole-plant transpiration and enforced dormancy. Thus, Z. rotundifolia showed a range of responses to different drought intensities indicating a high degree of plasticity in response to water deficits.
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PMID:Physiological and morphological adaptations of the fruit tree Ziziphus rotundifolia in response to progressive drought stress. 1147 Jun 56

In non-photosynthetic, yellow or colourless mutant cells of Chlorella kessleri, grown with nitrate as sole nitrogen source, blue light inhibited the uptake of the amino acids glycine, proline and arginine and of ammonia in growing cells, while it enhanced the uptake of these amino acids in resting cells. On the other hand, in cells grown with ammonia as the only nitrogen source without nitrate reductase activity, blue light did not influence the uptake of amino acids and of ammonia in growing cells, while it enhanced the uptake of amino acids in resting cells. Addition of methionine sulphoximine, a potent inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, to growing cells, resulted in intracellular ammonia-accumulation and inhibition of uptake of glycine and of ammonia. For the colourless mutant, blue light was shown to activate purified nitrate reductase. These results indicate that in the mutant cells of Chlorella examined, uptake of ammonia seems to be influenced by nitrate reductase and the uptake of amino acids was influenced by both nitrate reductase and an unknown blue-light-receptor(s). The uptake of urea in mutant cells is not influenced by the irradiation with blue light. Uptake of glycine was also increased after addition of glucose (hexose) in the dark. Because blue light is known to enhance the breakdown of starch, a reaction producing glucose for oxidative degradation in the algae used, the role of glucose (hexose) in the blue light-affected uptake of amino acids is discussed.
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PMID:Blue-light-control of the uptake of amino acids and of ammonia in Chlorella mutants. 1235 2

Because the photosynthetic apparatus contains a massive amount of nitrogen in plants, the regulation of its development by sugar signals is important to the maintenance of the carbon-nitrogen balance. In this study we isolated an Arabidopsis mutant (sicy-192) whose cotyledon greening was inhibited by treatments with sugars such as sucrose, glucose, and fructose. In the mutant, the gene encoding plastidic alkaline/neutral invertase (INV-E) was point-mutated at codon 294, with Tyr substituted for Cys (C294Y). Interestingly, the greening of cotyledons in the knock-out INV-E lines was not inhibited by treatment with the sugars. In addition, the knock-out INV-E lines expressing an INV-E:C294Y or INV-E:C294A gene had the same phenotype as sicy-192 mutants, whereas the lines expressing a wild-type INV-E gene had the same phenotype as wild-type plants. A recombinant INV-E:C294Y protein had the same enzymatic activity as a recombinant INV-E protein, suggesting that the Cys-294 residue of INV-E is important for its functions in the chloroplasts. On treatment with sucrose, the expression of photosynthesis-related genes was weaker in seedlings of mutant plants than wild-type seedlings, whereas the activity of nitrate reductase was stronger in the mutant plants than wild-type plants. These findings suggest that Cys-294 of INV-E is associated with the development of the photosynthetic apparatus and the assimilation of nitrogen in Arabidopsis seedlings to control the ratio of sucrose content to hexose content.
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PMID:Point mutation of a plastidic invertase inhibits development of the photosynthetic apparatus and enhances nitrate assimilation in sugar-treated Arabidopsis seedlings. 2030 12

In plants sugar sensing and signal transduction involves pathways dependent or independent on HXK1 as a glucose sensor. Research was conducted to determine which pathway is responsible for regulation of the nitrate reduction. The effect of selected carbon and nitrogen metabolites on nitrate reductase (NR) activity in Arabidopsis thaliana wild type (WT) and hxk1 mutant roots was studied. Exogenously supplied sugar, sucrose (Suc) and organic acid, 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) led to an increase in the total and actual activity of NR. It was due to both the increase in expression of NIA genes and NR activation state. The stimulatory effect of Suc and 2-OG on nitrate reduction was less pronounced in hxk1 mutant roots with T-DNA insertion in the AtHXK1 gene encoding hexokinase1 (HXK1) and characterized by reduced hexokinase activity and root level of G6P and F6P. On the other hand, it was shown that exogenous glucose did not mimic Suc-mediated NR activation in Arabidopsis roots. Taken together, this data suggest that the Suc signaling pathway might be independent from hexose's sensor dependent mechanism.
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PMID:Response of nitrate reductase activity and NIA genes expression in roots of Arabidopsis hxk1 mutant treated with selected carbon and nitrogen metabolites. 2548 7