Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.7.1.1 (nitrate reductase)
 3,728 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Changes in the activities of three enzymes (nitrate reductase, l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and a dehydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-oxidase complex) were measured during development of water stress in young maize (Zea mays) plants.l-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and nitrate reductase activities decreased markedly with water deficits of 10 to 20%. The activities did not reach zero at water deficits as high as 50%, but appeared to approach a new steady state. Partial to complete recovery of enzyme activity occurred 24 hours after rehydration of the stressed plants. The oxidase activity did not respond to water stress in the same manner as that of the other two enzymes.It is suggested that the level of enzyme activity is a consequence of an equilibrium between the rates of synthesis and degradation, and that progressive tissue dehydration reduces both the enzyme synthesis and the enzyme-inactivating systems.
 ...
PMID:Effects of water stress on the activities of three enzymes in maize seedlings. 1665 13

Desiccation of 8- to 13-day-old seedlings, achieved by withholding nutrient solution from the vermiculite root medium, caused a reduction in nitrate reductase activity of the leaf tissue. Activity declined when leaf water potentials decreased below -2 bars and was 25% of the control at a leaf water potential of -13 bars. Experiments were conducted to determine whether the decrease in nitrate reductase activity was due to reduced levels of nitrate in the tissue, direct inactivation of the enzyme by low leaf water potentials, or to changes in rates of synthesis or decay of the enzyme.Although tissue nitrate content decreased with the onset of desiccation, it did not continue to decline with tissue desiccation and loss of enzyme activity. Nitrate reductase activity recovered when the plants were rewatered with nitrate-free medium, suggesting that the nitrate in the plant was adequate for high nitrate reductase activity. The rate of decay of nitrate reductase activity from desiccated tissue was essentially identical to that of the control, in vivo or in vitro, regardless of the rapidity of desiccation of the tissue. Direct inactivation of the enzyme by the low water potentials was not detected. Polyribosomal content of the tissue declined with the decrease in water potential, prior to the decline in nitrate reductase activity. Changes in ribosomal profiles occurred during desiccation, regardless of whether the tissue had been excised or not and whether desiccation was rapid or slow. Reduction in polyribosomal content did not appear to be associated with changes in ribonuclease activity. Nitrate reductase activity and the polyribosomal content of the tissue recovered upon rewatering, following the recovery in water potential. The increase in polyribosomal content preceded the increase in nitrate reductase activity. Recovery of enzyme activity was prevented by cycloheximide.Based on these results, it appears that nitrate reductase activity was affected primarily by a decrease in the rate of enzyme synthesis at low leaf water potentials.
 ...
PMID:Nitrate Reductase Activity and Polyribosomal Content of Corn (Zea mays L.) Having Low Leaf Water Potentials. 1665 19

The role of phytochrome in the induction of nitrate reductase of etiolated field peas (Pisum arvense L.) was examined. Terminal bud nitrate concentration increased in darkness, and the increase correlated with induction of nitrate reductase following brief exposure of intact plants to red, blue, far red, and white lights. Brief light exposure of intact plants stimulated nitrate uptake and induction of nitrate reductase by terminal buds subsequently excised and incubated on nitrate solution in darkness; exposure of excised buds in contact with nitrate led to less uptake but more induction. Nitrate and nitrate reductase activity both declined during incubation with water, irrespective of light treatment. Nitrate enrichment of intact terminal buds and uptake into excised buds and increases in nitrate reductase activity were all red/far red reversible. Dimethyl sulfoxide (1%, v/v) and sugars (sucrose 0.5%, glucose 1, w/v), although stimulating nitrate uptake into excised tissue in darkness, failed to enhance nitrate reductase activity over dark controls. Phytochrome may regulate nitrate reductase via both nitrate movement and a general mechanism such as enhancement of protein synthesis.
 ...
PMID:Phytochrome, nitrate movement, and induction of nitrate reductase in etiolated pea terminal buds. 1665 26

Experiments were conducted to determine whether the nitrate flux to the leaves or the nitrate content of the leaves regulated the nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in leaves of intact maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings having low water potentials (psi(w)) when other environmental and endogenous factors were constant. In seedlings that were desiccated slowly, the nitrate flux, leaf nitrate content, and NRA decreased as psi(w) decreased. The decrease in nitrate flux was caused by a decrease in both the rate of transpiration and the rate of nitrate delivery to the transpiration stream. Upon rewatering, the recovery in NRA was correlated with the nitrate flux but not the leaf nitrate content.Recovery depended on protein synthesis, since recovery could be prevented in excised leaves if an inhibitor of protein synthesis was present. However, it also depended on a high nitrate flux, since recovery could be prevented if there was no nitrate flux, despite a relatively high, constant leaf nitrate content, a high psi(w), and the absence of an inhibitor of protein synthesis.The synthesis of NRA could be increased at low psi(w) if seedlings were desiccated in the presence of additional nitrate, which increased the nitrate flux to the leaves. Since the decrease in NRA at low psi(w) could be relieved by increasing the nitrate flux and recovery also depended on nitrate flux, the inhibition of NRA at low psi(3) was not controlled by a direct effect of psi(w) on protein synthesis nor by alterations in the leaf nitrate content, but rather by a decrease in the nitrate flux that in turn regulated the synthesis of the enzyme.
 ...
PMID:Nitrate Reductase Activity in Maize (Zea mays L.) Leaves: II. Regulation by Nitrate Flux at Low Leaf Water Potential. 1665 5

Experiments were conducted to determine if pretreatment of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants resulted in differential in vitro stabilities of nitrate reductase (NR) activity. Although NR activity declines markedly during the second half of the daily light period, in vitro NR stability is not modified by time of harvest. Phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, iodoacetamide, and N-ethylmaleimide do not influence in vitro NR stability, suggesting that serine or sulfhydryl proteases are not responsible for in vitro lability of NR from cotton cotyledons.Imposition of water stress or artificial extension of the dark period lead to significant reductions in NR activity, but do not change in vitro NR stability.Dilution of a crude extract leads to increasing lability of NR; hence the marked instability of NR cannot be attributed to an inactivator which follows simple enzyme kinetics. Since in vitro NR activity is much more stable in presence of both NADH and NO(3) (-), substrate availability must be considered as a possible factor influencing in vivo NR stability.
 ...
PMID:Factors Involved in in Vitro Stabilization of Nitrate Reductase from Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Cotyledons. 1666 Mar 71

The effect of water stress on patterns of nitrate reductase activity in the leaves and nodules and on nitrogen fixation were investigated in Medicago sativa L. plants watered 1 week before drought with or without NO(3) (-). Nitrogen fixation was decreased by water stress and also inhibited strongly by the presence of NO(3) (-). During drought, leaf nitrate reductase activity (NRA) decreased significantly particularly in plants watered with NO(3) (-), while with rewatering, leaf NRA recovery was quite important especially in the NO(3) (-)-watered plants. As water stress progressed, the nodular NRA increased both in plants watered with NO(3) (-) and in those without NO(3) (-) contrary to the behavior of the leaves. Beyond -15.10(5) pascal, nodular NRA began to decrease in plants watered with NO(3) (-). This phenomenon was not observed in nodules of plants given water only.Upon rewatering, it was observed that in plants watered with NO(3) (-) the nodular NRA increased again, while in plants watered but not given NO(3) (-), such activity began to decrease. Nitrogen fixation increased only in plants without NO(3) (-).
 ...
PMID:Nodule and Leaf Nitrate Reductases and Nitrogen Fixation in Medicago sativa L. under Water Stress. 1666 33

The effects of water stress on nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activities in symbiotic nodules were examined in field-grown soybean plants (Glycine max L Merr. cv Clark). The in vitro assays of enzyme activity indicated that the nodule cytosol and bacteroids contained both nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activities. The reduction of nitrate in bacteroids increased significantly as nodule water potential declined from -0.6 to -1.4 megapascals, and then decreased when -1.8 megapascals water potential was reached. On the contrary, the reduction of nitrate in nodule cytosol was inhibited as water stress progressed. Increases in water stress intensity also caused a significant inhibition in nitrite reductase activities of bacteroids and nodule cytosol within soybean nodules. The results show that nitrate reduction occurred both in the cytosol and bacteroids of water-stressed soybean nodules. The reduction of nitrate functioned at different physiological modes in these two fractions.
 ...
PMID:Effect of water stress on the reduction of nitrate and nitrite by soybean nodules. 1666 30

The seasonal change in leaf water potential and its components, stomatal resistance, specific leaf weight, photosynthesis rate, the activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and nitrate reductase, and soluble proteins were measured in flag leaves (ninth from base in position), seventh and fifth leaves of wheat Triticum aestivum L. cv Kalyansona. Flag leaves had a lower water and solute potential and lower or equal turgor pressure than seventh and fifth leaves. These differences were found to be independent of environment. The rate of photosynthesis and nitrate reductase activity were always lower in fifth and seventh leaves than in flag leaf. The photosynthetic efficiency in flag leaves appeared to be associated with lower stomatal resistance and higher specific leaf weight. The relations between leaf water potential and relative water content showed a change with leaf position. This change possibly allows flag leaf to maintain its functional efficiency despite its lower water potential.
 ...
PMID:Differences in water relations and physiological characteristics in leaves of wheat associated with leaf position on the plant. 1666

Recent work identified acetaldehyde oxime as the predominant product purged by inert gases from anaerobic in vivo nitrate reductase (NR) assays of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) leaves. Another recent study supported earlier research findings which identified the primary product evolved from soybean leaves as nitric oxide (NO). This paper provides evidence that eliminates acetaldehyde oxime and confirms that NO is the primary nitrogenous product purged from the in vivo NR assay system. A portion of the evidence is based on the high water solubility of acetaldehyde oxime. Other evidence presented is the failure by chemical and spectrophotometric means to detect oximes in gases emitted in the purging of the reaction medium or in the leaf tissues. The gaseous product from the in vivo NR assay system reacted identically to NO standards and did not resemble acetaldehyde oxime standards. It was concluded that the predominant N product within the leaves was nitrite and that the predominant gaseous N product evolved from the assay was NO.
 ...
PMID:Nitric Oxide Emissions from Soybean Leaves during in Vivo Nitrate Reductase Assays. 1666 92

A barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mutant (Az34) has been identified with low basal levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and with reduced capacity for producing ABA in response to water stress. The mutation is in a gene controlling the molybdenum cofactor resulting in a pleiotropic deficiency in at least three molybdoenzymes, nitrate reductase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The mutant was found to lack aldehyde oxidase activity with several substrates including: (a) ABA aldehyde, a putative precursor of ABA; (b) an acetylenic analog of ABA aldehyde; and (c) heptaldehyde. Elevating the growth temperature from 18 to 26 degrees C caused mutant leaves to wilt and brown. Desiccation of mutant leaves was prevented by applying ABA. These results indicate that ABA biosynthesis at some developmental stages is dependent upon a molybdoenzyme which may be an aldehyde oxidase.
 ...
PMID:Reduced Accumulation of ABA during Water Stress in a Molybdenum Cofactor Mutant of Barley. 1666 35


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>