Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:1.7.1.1 (nitrate reductase)
3,728 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nitrate reductase activity was evaluated by four approaches, using four strains of Rhizobium japonicum and 11 chlorate-resistant mutants of the four strains. It was concluded that in vitro assays with bacteria or bacteroids provide the most simple and reliable assessment of the presence or absence of nitrate reductase. Nitrite reductase activity with methyl viologen and dithionite was found, but the enzyme activity does not confound the assay of nitrate reductase.
...
PMID:Evaluation of Nitrate Reductase Activity in Rhizobium japonicum. 1634 76

Plants have four nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. NOS1 appears mitochondrial, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) chloroplastic. Distinct peroxisomal and apoplastic NOS enzymes are predicted. Nitrite-dependent NO synthesis is catalyzed by cytoplasmic nitrate reductase or a root plasma membrane enzyme, or occurs nonenzymatically. Nitric oxide undergoes both catalyzed and uncatalyzed oxidation. However, there is no evidence of reaction with superoxide, and S-nitrosylation reactions are unlikely except during hypoxia. The only proven direct targets of NO in plants are metalloenzymes and one metal complex. Nitric oxide inhibits apoplastic catalases/ascorbate peroxidases in some species but may stimulate these enzymes in others. Plants also have the NO response pathway involving cGMP, cADPR, and release of calcium from internal stores. Other known targets include chloroplast and mitochondrial electron transport. Nitric oxide suppresses Fenton chemistry by interacting with ferryl ion, preventing generation of hydroxyl radicals. Functions of NO in plant development, response to biotic and abiotic stressors, iron homeostasis, and regulation of respiration and photosynthesis may all be ascribed to interaction with one of these targets. Nitric oxide function in drought/abscisic acid (ABA)-induction of stomatal closure requires nitrate reductase and NOS1. Nitric oxide synthasel likely functions to produce sufficient NO to inhibit photosynthetic electron transport, allowing nitrite accumulation. Nitric oxide is produced during the hypersensitive response outside cells undergoing programmed cell death immediately prior to loss of plasma membrane integrity. A plasma membrane lipid-derived signal likely activates apoplastic NOS. Nitric oxide diffuses within the apoplast and signals neighboring cells via hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-dependent induction of salicylic acid biosynthesis. Response to wounding appears to involve the same NOS and direct targets.
...
PMID:Nitric oxide signaling in plants. 1649 76

Nitrate reductase activity in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya) aleurone layers has been determined in the intact tissue, using two different methods. The first method measures the rate of appearance of H(2) (18)O produced during the reduction of KN(18)O(3). The second assay measures excreted nitrite resulting from nitrate reduction under anaerobic conditions. Nitrite production in this anaerobic, intact-tissue assay was dependent upon the presence of phosphate (pH 7.5) and was increased by ethanol and bisulfite.After ten hours of nitrate induction, nitrate reductase activities measured by the KN(18)O(3) assay are one-sixth, and those measured by the anaerobic intact-tissue assay are one-third, of those observed in cell-free extracts of aleurone layers. Addition of ethanol to the anaerobic intact-tissue medium increased the rate of nitrate reduction to a level greater than that found in the cell-free assay.Oxygen inhibited nitrite release in the anaerobic intact-tissue assay. However, under aerobic conditions and in the presence of 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide or antimycin A, nitrate reduction increased to rates comparable to those observed under anaerobiosis. Neither of these electron transport inhibitors affected anaerobic nitrate reduction, though they were effective in inhibiting oxygen uptake in separate experiments.
...
PMID:Control of nitrate reductase activity in barley aleurone layers. 1659 21

Anabaena cylindrica grown with nitrate required higher levels of sodium (0.4 meq/l NaCl) to prevent chlorosis than when grown without combined nitrogen (0.004 meq/l NaCl). Nitrite accumulated in sodium-deficient cultures containing nitrate. Amounts of nitrite similar to those found in deficient cultures when added to normal cultures resulted in a chlorosis of the cells. Thus loss of chlorophyll was caused by nitrite toxicity.A deficiency of sodium resulted in an increased incorporation of (15)NO(3), (15)NO(2), (15)NH(3) or (14)C glutamate into protein compared with normal cells. The enzyme nitrate reductase was markedly increased in cells grown without sodium.Evidence from chloramphenicol treatment of the cells suggests that sodium may exert its control of nitrate reductase through a protein factor(s).By contrast, N(2) fixation was reduced in sodium deficient cells. Since the incorporation of ammonia or glutamate into protein was increased under these conditions, it is likely that the element is required for the conversion of N(2) gas into ammonia. Various nitrogenous compounds including ammonium chloride, amides and amino acids at low concentrations (0.1 mm) greatly reduced the nitrite accumulation in sodium-deficient cultures.
...
PMID:Some Effects of Sodium on Nitrate Assimilation and N(2) Fixation in Anabaena cylindrica. 1665 97

Primary and secondary metabolites of inorganic nitrogen metabolism were evaluated as inhibitors of nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1) induction in green leaf tissue of corn seedlings. Nitrite, nitropropionic acid, ammonium ions, and amino acids were not effective as inhibitors of nitrate reductase activity or synthesis. Increasing alpha-amino nitrogen and protein content of intact corn seedlings by culture techniques significantly enhanced rather than decreased the potential for induction of nitrate reductase activity in excised seedlings.Secondary metabolites, derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine, were tested as inhibitors of induction of nitrate reductase. Of the 9 different phenylpropanoid compounds tested, only coumarin, trans-cinnamic and trans-o-hydroxycinnamic acids inhibited induction of nitrate reductase.While coumarin alone exhibited a relatively greater inhibitory effect on enzyme induction than on general protein synthesis (the latter measured by incorporation of labeled amino acids), this differential effect may have been dependent upon unequal rates of synthesis and accumulation with respect to the initial levels of nitrate reductase and general proteins. Because of the short half-life of nitrate reductase, inhibitors of protein synthesis in general could still achieve differential regulation of nitrogen metabolism. Coumarin did not inhibit nitrate reductase activity when added directly to the assay mixture at 5 mm.Carbamyl phosphate and its chemical derivative, cyanate, were found to be competitive (with nitrate) inhibitors of nitrate reductase. The data suggest that cyanate is the active inhibitor in the carbamyl phosphate preparations.
...
PMID:Regulation of Nitrate Reductase Activity in Corn (Zea mays L.) Seedlings by Endogenous Metabolites. 1665 15

Nitrate reductase utilizing NADH or reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH(2)) as electron donor was extracted from the leaves, stems and petioles, and roots of apple seedlings. Successful extraction was made possible by the use of insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (Polyclar AT) which forms insoluble complexes with polyphenols and tannins. The level of nitrate reductase per gram fresh weight was highest in the leaf tissue although the nitrate content of the roots was much higher than that of the leaves. Nitrite reductase activity was detected only in leaf extracts and was 4 times higher than nitrate reductase activity. Nitrate was found in all parts of young apple trees and trace amounts were also detected in mature leaves from mature trees. Nitrate reductase was induced in young leaves of apple seedlings and in mature leaves from 3 fruit-bearing varieties. An inhibitor of polyphenoloxidase, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole was used in both the inducing medium and the extracting medium in concentrations from 10(-3) to 10(-5)m with no effect upon nitrate reductase activity.
...
PMID:The occurrence of nitrate reductase in apple leaves. 1665 23

An in vivo assay of nitrate reductase activity was developed by vacuum infiltration of leaf discs or sections with a solution of 0.2 m KNO(3) (with or without phosphate buffer, pH 7.5) and incubation of the infiltrated tissue and medium under essentially anaerobic conditions in the dark. Nitrite production, for computing enzyme activity, was determined on aliquots of the incubation media, removed at intervals.By adding, separately, various metabolites of the glycolytic, pentose phosphate, and citric acid pathways to the infiltrating media, it was possible to use the in vivo assay to determine the prime source of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) required by the cytoplasmically located NADH-specific nitrate reductase. It was concluded that sugars that migrate from the chloroplast to the cytoplasm were the prime source of energy and that the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate was ultimately the in vivo source of NADH for nitrate reduction.THIS CONCLUSION WAS SUPPORTED BY EXPERIMENTS THAT INCLUDED: inhibition studies with iodoacetate; in vitro studies that established the presence and functionality of the requisite enzymes; and studies showing the effect of light (photosynthate) and exogenous carbohydrate on loss of endogenous nitrate from plant tissue.The level of nitrate reductase activity obtained with the in vitro assay is higher (2.5- to 20-fold) than with the in vivo assay for most plant species. The work done to date would indicate that the in vivo assays are proportional to the in vitro assays with respect to ranking genotypes for nitrate-reducing potential of a given species. The in vivo assay is especially useful in studying nitrate assimilation in species like giant ragweed from which only traces of active nitrate reductase can be extracted.
...
PMID:Generation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide for nitrate reduction in green leaves. 1665 41

Five-or six-day old seedlings of corn (Zea mays L.) were exposed to 0.25 mm Ca(NO(3))(2), 1.0 mm sodium 2-[N-morpholino]-ethanesulfonate, 5 mug Mo per liter and 50 mug of chloramphenicol per ml at pH 6. Nitrate uptake was determined from depletion of the ambient solution. The pattern of nitrate uptake was characterized, after the first 20 minutes, by a low rate which increased steadily to a maximal rate by 3 to 4 hours. Transfer of nitrate to the xylem did not totally account for the increase. Development of the maximal accelerated rate did not occur at 3 C with excised roots nor with seedlings whose endosperm had been removed. Use of CaCl(2) rather than Ca(NO(3))(2) resulted in a linear rate of chloride uptake during the first 4 hours, and chloride uptake was not as restricted by endosperm removal as was nitrate uptake.Nitrite pretreatments or the addition of cycloheximide (2 mug ml(-1)), puromycin (400 mug ml(-1)) and 6-methylpurine (0.5 mm) restricted maximal development of the accelerated nitrate uptake rate. Actinomycin D (20 mug ml(-1)) inhibited the rate only after about three hours exposure. The RNA and protein synthesis inhibitors also restricted nitrate reductase induction in the apical segments of the root tissue. The data suggest that development of the maximal accelerated rate of nitrate uptake depended upon continuous protein synthesis, and the hypothesis that synthesis of a specific nitrate transport protein must occur is advanced. But the alternative hypothesis, i.e., that induction of nitrate reductase (and/or a consequence of the act of nitrate reduction) provided the required stimulus, remains tenable.
...
PMID:Nitrate Uptake by Dark-grown Corn Seedlings: Some Characteristics of Apparent Induction. 1665 72

When excised embryos of Agrostemma githago were incubated with nitrate, the activities of both nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase were enhanced. By contrast, benzyladenine induced nitrate reductase only. Our data suggest that nitrate affected nitrite reductase activity directly, without first being reduced to nitrite. When the endogenous nitrite production was increased by raising the level of nitrate reductase through simultaneous treatment with nitrate and benzyladenine, the activity of nitrite reductase was not higher than in embryos treated with nitrate alone. On the other hand, tungstate given together with nitrate drastically inhibited the development of nitrate reductase activity without reducing the enhancement of nitrite reductase activity. Nitrite enhanced nitrite reductase activity, though less efficiently than nitrate.
...
PMID:Control of Nitrite Reductase Activity in Excised Embryos of Agrostemma githago. 1665 83

The effects of nitrogen source NO(3) (-) or NH(4) (+) on nitrogen metabolism during the first 2 weeks of germination of the rice seedling (Oryza sativa L., var. IR22) grown in nutrient solution containing 40 mug/ml N were studied. Total, soluble protein, and free amino N levels were higher in the NH(4) (+)-grown seedling, particularly during the 1st week of germination. Asparagine accounted for most of the difference in free amino acid level, in both the root and the shoot. Nitrate and nitrite reductase activities were present mainly in the shoot and were higher in the NO(3) (-)-grown seedling, whereas the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase in the root tended to be lower than that of the NH(4) (+)-grown seedling during the 1st week of germination. Glycolate oxidase and catalase activities were present mainly in the shoot. Maximum activity of the above five enzymes occurred 7 to 10 days after germination. Differences in the zymograms of nitrate reductase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and catalase were mainly between shoot and root and not from N source. Nitrite reductase bands were observed only in plants grown in plants grown in NO(3) (-).Ten-day-old seedlings of three rices differing in level of grain protein did not differ in the level of N fractions and of enzyme activities, which were consistent with their differences in grain protein content.
...
PMID:Aspects of nitrogen metabolism in the rice seedling. 1665


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>

---