Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.6.99.3 (diaphorase)
 5,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Endogenous enzyme activity can be readily and routinely demonstrated in ultrathin, frozen sections for electron microscopy. The procedure employed to obtain the best structural preservation as well as enzyme activity in thin sections involved fixation in glutaraldehyde, embedding in thiolated gelatin or pure gelatin, partial dehydration in glycerol, and sectioning in a cryostat at -35 degrees C with a slightly modified Porter-Blum microtome on which the tissue is maintained at -70 degrees C and the knife at -23 degrees C. Kidney cortex was used as test tissue, but a few other organs were occasionally used. Thin sections were floated on the surface of several incubation media routinely employed for enzyme cytochemistry. Positive, specific reactions were obtained for alkaline phosphatase in kidney brush border, for adenosine triphosphatase in brush border and in basal membranes of distal tubules, for acid phosphatase and esterase in lysosomes, and for NADH diaphorase in mitochondria. Mitochondrial ATPase was sporadically evident only in the distal tubule of the kidney. Localizations of enzyme activity reported by other technical approaches were confirmed and in some cases somewhat improved.
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PMID:Ultrathin frozen sections. II. Demonstration of enzymic activity. 429 6

Bulk membrane fragments were prepared from cells of Bacillus cereus ATCC 4342 harvested at different stages of growth and sporulation and examined for enzymes involved in electron transport functions. The presence of succinate: DCPIP oxidoreductase (EC 1.3.99.1), succinate: cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.3.2.1), NADH:DCPIP oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.99.1), NADH:cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.2.1), succinate oxidase [succinate: (O(2)) oxidoreductase, EC 1.3.3.1], and NADH oxidase [NADH:(O(2)) oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.3.1] were demonstrated in membrane fragments from vegetative cells, early and late stationary-phase cells, and in cells undergoing sporulation. During the transition from a vegetative cell to a spore, there was a significant increase in the levels of enzymes associated with energy production via the electron transport system. Cytochromes of the a, b, and c type were detected in all membrane preparations; however, there was a marked increase in the level of cytochromes by the end of vegetative growth which remained throughout sporulation; there were no qualitative changes in the cytochromes throughout growth and sporulation. Sporulation was inhibited by cyanide, stressing the significance of the electron transport system. Enzyme activities were partially masked in washed membrane fragments; however, unmasking (stimulation) was achieved by sodium deoxycholate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, or Triton X-100. The degree of enzyme masking was less in vegetative cell membrane fragments than in membranes prepared from stationary-phase or sporulating cells. Results indicate the development of a membrane-bound electron transport system in B. cereus by the end of growth and prior to sporulation, which results in an increased masking of a number of enzymes associated with the terminal respiratory system of the cell.
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PMID:Development of a membrane-bound resiratory system prior to and during sporulation in Bacillus cereus and its relationship to membrane structure. 433 50

Evidence that the bactericidal ability and the stimulated oxidative metabolism of leukocytes appear in parallel during fetal development of the Minnesota Miniature pig has been obtained by application of the techniques applied to studies of human cells. It was demonstrated that leukocytes from 87- to 90-day fetuses were fully capable of ingesting Staphylococcus aureus but greatly diminished in bactericidal capacity as compared to leukocytes of older fetuses and adults. Although resting levels of oxygen consumption and hexose monophosphate pathway activity of leukocytes from the younger fetuses compared well with those of leukocytes from older animals, the phagocytosis-stimulated increments of metabolism were much less at 87 to 90 days of gestation than at later developmental stages. Both bactericidal capacity and increased metabolism of leukocytes reach adult levels by 100 days of gestation (normal gestation period of 115 to 120 days). Acrylamide gels stained for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and NADH phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase activity after disc electrophoresis of leukocyte extracts revealed normal mobility and intensity of NADH diaphorase bands. Three NADPH diaphorase bands were present in adult leukocyte extracts. Only the fast-migrating NADPH diaphorase band of 87- to 90-day cells stained with decreased intensity. This "deficiency" was no longer present at the later fetal period. The fast-migrating NADPH diaphorase band may represent an electron transfer protein which functions in cyanide-insensitive respiration of the leukocytes of the pig.
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PMID:Development of bactericidal capacity and phagocytosis-associated metabolism of fetal pig leukocytes. 463

615 human newborns were examined for detection of polymorphism of red cell NADH diaphorase by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. Although the incidence of variant forms among Japanese is about 0.46%, no variants were encountered in newborns. Enzyme activity of red cell NADH diaphorase from newborns was less than half of that from adults. There were no differences in enzyme activity between premature and full-term newborns. Increase of enzyme activity during development after birth was admitted in parallel with decrease of fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) content and also with reduction of F cells (which produce only Hb F) number.
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PMID:Incidence of variants of human red cell NADH diaphorase in Japanese newborns and coordinate developmental changes of its activity with fetal hemoglobin and F cells. 608 6

22 revertants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with intragenic suppressors (supa) of cob exon mutations (G. Burger, Mol. Gen. Genet., in the press) were analyzed. They display either a reduced amount of cytochrome b, or a shifted maximum absorption wavelength of total cytochrome b or a reduced growth rate on glycerol. The relationship of physico-chemical properties (content, light absorption and midpoint potential of cytochromes bK and bT) and functional properties (electron transport and energy yield) has been examined. In seven of eight revertants with a shifted maximum absorption wavelength of cytochrome b neither growth rate nor electron transfer activity was affected. In 13 of 14 revertants, reduced content of cytochrome b corresponds to a reduced electron transport rate through the cytochrome bc1 segment. A lower enzymatic activity, which is not due to a quantitative but to a qualitative alteration of cytochrome b was found in two revertants. Two revertants show electron transport rates of wild-type level concomitant with a reduced growth rate on glycerol, obviously due to a less efficient energy coupling. All revertants were shown to contain a high and a low potential cytochrome b, referred to as bK and bT. Those cob-/supa mutations which shift the maximum absorption wavelength or diminish the content of cytochrome b affect both b cytochromes in all cases. The results support that electron transport and energy conservation are catalyzed by the unity of cytochrome bK and bT and that both heme centers are bound to an identical apoenzyme. Comparing electron flow rates of succinate:cytochrome c oxidoreductase and NADH:cytochrome c oxidoreductase in cob- mutants and two revertants provides evidence that ubiquinone does not constitute a homogeneous pool, suggested by the dissimilar interaction of both dehydrogenases with the bc1 segment.
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PMID:Cytochrome b of cob revertants in yeast. Bioenergetic characterization of revertants with reduced content and shifted maximum absorption wavelength of cytochrome b. 608 48

Crude extracts of Methanospirillum hungatei strain GP1 contained NADH and NADPH diaphorase activities. After a 483-fold purification of the NADH diaphorase the enzyme was further separated from contaminating proteins by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Two distinct activity bands were extracted from the acrylamide, each one having oxygen, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, and cytochrome c linked activities. In these preparations NADPH could not replace NADH as electron donor. During the initial purification steps all activity was lost due to the removal of a readily released cofactor. Enzyme activity was restored by either FAD or a FAD fraction isolated from M. hungatei. Oxidase activity exhibited a broad pH optimum from 7.0 to 8.5 and apparent Km values of 26 microM for NADH and 0.2 microM for FAD. Superoxide anion, formed in the presence of oxygen, accounted for all of the NADH consumed in the reaction. The molecular weight of the diaphorase was about 117 500 by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Sulfhydryl reagents and chelating agents were inhibitory. Inactivation, which occurred during storage in phosphate buffer at 4 degrees C, was delayed by dithiothreitol. The isolated NADH diaphorase lacked NADPH:NAD transhydrogenase and NAD reductase activities.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of a FAD-dependent NADH diaphorase from Methanospirillum hungatei strain GP1. 626 28

Brush border membrane vesicles from rat small intestine were isolated by a Mg/EGTA precipitation method. Further fractionation either by free flow electrophoresis or by sucrose density gradient centrifugation leads to subfractions which differ with respect to enzyme enrichment factors, transport properties for D-glucose and protein pattern analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A relative enrichment of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase is found in one fraction, whereas in another fraction maltase, aminopeptidase M and alkaline phosphatase are relatively enriched. The fractions show different properties of D-glucose transport under tracer exchange conditions and a different inhibition of D-glucose transport by phlorizin and phloretin. These results indicate that the vesicles obtained from rat small intestine by this cation precipitation method are not homogeneous. The inhomogeneity cannot be due to a crosscontamination by membranes other than from the cell envelopment, as none of the fractions show a significant enrichment of succinate--cytochrome c oxidoreductase, KCN-resistant NADH oxidoreductase or glucosaminidase. The inhomogeneity might be due either to a crosscontamination by basal-lateral membranes or to membranes derived from epithelial cells not yet fully differentiated.
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PMID:Heterogeneity of brush-border-membrane vesicles from rat small intestine prepared by a precipitation method using Mg/EGTA. 641 69

Until recently, no data on genetic polymorphisms in the populations living on the northern side of the Pyrenees have been available, except for the Basques. Several investigations were done lately on rural communities in various geographic zones in the Pyrenees from the eastern to the western part. In this paper, the results for the following enzyme polymorphisms are reported: acid phosphatases, AK, ADA, PGM1 and PGM2, 6PGD, NADH diaphorase, SOD, MDH, TGP, G6PD, C5 esterase (E2 locus), serum cholinesterase (E1 locus). Significant variation in gene frequencies was observed over the distinct geographic zones for the main polymorphic system. Furthermore, some rare alleles were found: a new G6PD variant (Luz-Saint-Sauveur), the presence of ADA3 and ADA5 alleles in two groups of the Central Pyrenees, a Dia2 gene among Basques and in the Pays de Sault, a high rate of Ea1 allele in the Basque group. The values obtained for the degree of heterozygosity are in agreement with the relative isolation of the different groups studied and confirm the importance of sociocultural factors in the evolution of the genetic background of rural communities in Europe.
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PMID:Study of red blood cell and serum enzymes in five Pyrenean communities and in a Basque population sample. 644 18

Shearing of ghosts in a French pressure cell produces three classes of microvesicles that differ from endocytic vacuoles, exocytic vacuoles, and inside-out vesicles. It was thought that an analysis of these vesicles might provide some clues about the assembly of proteins within the human erythrocyte membrane. The microvesicles were separated into three visible bands, labeled top, middle, and bottom, and assayed for activity of Mg++-ATPase, Na+,K+-ATPase, acetylcholinesterase, glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase, and NADH oxidoreductase. Their proteins were also characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with both Coomassie blue staining, to assess total protein content and distribution, and PAS-staining, to characterize sialoglycopeptides. In order to minimize problems inherent in ghost preparation, Dodge or hypotonic ghosts and glycol or isotonic ghosts were used in all studies. Middle membrane vesicles most resembled intact ghosts. Top vesicles had reduced levels of NADH oxidoreductase and more PAS-2 at the expense of PAS-1. The bottom vesicle class was very much enriched with PAS-1 at the expense of PAS-2, and PAS-3 was completely absent. In addition bottom vesicles had highest NADH oxidoreductase activity but lowest activity of all the other enzymes measured. These vesicle classes could not have been produced by tangential shearing through the membrane, nor could radial shearing through a membrane in which all proteins were free to move laterally have accounted for the three discrete vesicle classes or for their different patterns of enzymes and proteins. The analysis of the microvesicles produced by shearing is most consistent with radial shearing through membranes where there may be fixed domains superimposed on the basic fluid-mosaic structure.
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PMID:Analysis of human erythrocyte membrane vesicles produced by shearing. 644 34

The morphology of the tongue muscles was studied by in situ dissection as well as by histological and histochemical methods. By means of the latter an anatomical reassessment of attachments and fiber courses was made. The histochemistry was studied in sections stained for myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase), succinic dehydrogenase, NADH diaphorase, phosphorylase, esterase, glycogen and lipids. Fibers of type I and type II were identified, and the latter were subdivided into II1 (highly glycolytic), II12 (intermediately glycolytic and lipolytic) and II123 (highly lipolytic). In the extrinsic muscles, the fibers were 19-25% type I (mean diameter 27 micrometers) and 75-81% type II (37 micrometers); the three type II subgroups appeared in equal proportions, each accounting for 22-30% of the total fiber amount. Pars longitudinalis superior m. hyoglossi and pars longitudinalis inferior m. styloglossi contained only type II fibers, mainly type II12 (67% and 46%, respectively), of diameters like those in m. hyoglossus and m. styloglossus. The intrinsic muscles also consisted entirely of type II fibers (23 micrometers). II123 fibers predominated in m. verticalis (83%), which has only 10% H12 and 6% II1, whereas the fiber composition of m. transversus was more balanced: 37% type II1, 32% II12 and 31% II123.
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PMID:Morphological and histochemical properties of tongue muscles in cat. 645 24


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