Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.6.99.3 (diaphorase)
 5,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have attempted to develop an objective, semiquantitative classification of fiber types in turtle neck and limb muscle using microphotometry and multivariate statistical techniques. We first stained serial sections for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) (with acid and alkaline preincubation and without preincubation), NADH-diaphorase, and two glycolysis-associated markers, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH) and glycogen phosphorylase A (GPA). This allowed us to characterize individual muscle fibers in terms of their contraction speed and metabolic properties. Next we used microphotometry to measure the optical density of the reaction product in each fiber, and we subjected the resulting optical density matrix to cluster and discriminant function analyses in order to assign fibers to groups (fiber types) and to determine which stains contribute most to the distinction between groups. As a control, we processed a well characterized mammalian muscle (rat sternomastoid) simultaneously. Our results suggest that both neck and limb muscle in Pseudemys can best be described as falling into three groups: 1) slow oxidative (SO) fibers; 2) fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) fibers, with relatively high oxidative and glycolytic capacities; and 3) fast glycolytic (Fg) fibers, with low oxidative, low/intermediate alpha-GPDH, and high GPA activities. These three fiber types differ from like-named types in rat muscle both in the pH lability of their myosins and in their metabolic profiles.
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PMID:Histochemical classification of neck and limb muscle fibers in a turtle, Pseudemys scripta: a study using microphotometry and cluster analysis techniques. 246 78

Biochemical alterations in guinea pig lungs caused by hematite dust were followed at 150 days after intratracheal administration of the dust. In vivo dust exposure caused a significant increase in mitochondrial protein content and cytochrome c oxidase activity whereas diaphorase activity remained unaltered. Mitochondria from the exposed animals were apparently in a swollen state and their contraction profile upon the addition of ATP reflected permeability changes. However, in vitro dust caused no significant alterations. Significant increases in glycogen content along with an insignificant decrease in glycogen phosphorylase activity were also observed in hematite-treated guinea pig lungs. Decrease in drug-metabolizing enzymes such as aniline hydroxylase and tyrosine aminotransferase activities were also evident in the postmitochondrial fraction of the siderotic lungs. [3H]Leucine-incorporation studies showed increased protein synthesis in the postmitochondrial fraction. Increase in protein synthesis in mitochondria was only marginal whereas in whole homogenate it decreased considerably. Experiments employing dust tagged with radioactive iron indicated the rapid mobilization of iron from lung and its distribution to various organs. The presence of iron-binding protein was confirmed by employing Sephadex gel-filtration techniques.
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PMID:Biochemical studies on the toxicity of hematite dust. 664 70

Physical exercise produces several adaptive changes in skeletal muscle. However, the molecular mechanisms of these effects are poorly understood. We performed serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) to quantify the global gene expression profile in sedentary and endurance-trained muscle. A total of 10869 SAGE tags was sequenced and represented 4727 genes. The genes most expressed in muscle are mainly involved in contraction and energy metabolism. Thirty-three genes were differentially expressed between endurance athletes and sedentary individuals. Four genes such as myosin binding protein C fast-type, glycogen phosphorylase, and pyruvate kinase were expressed less in endurance athletes, whereas eight genes coding for expressed sequence tag similar to (EST) crystallin alpha B, EST myosin light chain 2, EST surfactant pulmonary-associated protein A1, EST thrombospondin, EST fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A, EST cytochrome oxidase 1, NADH dehydrogenase 3, and G8 protein were up-regulated. Most of the up-regulated tags corresponded to novel genes. On the other hand, different isoforms of fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A were also differentially expressed. The current study underlying the most highly expressed genes allows a better understanding of global muscle characteristics in normal and endurance-trained individuals. Moreover, the current data suggest novel candidate genes that may be responsible for enhanced endurance performance.
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PMID:Serial analysis of gene expression in the skeletal muscle of endurance athletes compared to sedentary men. 1522 64

High intensity training induces muscle damage in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice, an animal model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. However, low intensity training (LIT) rescues the mdx phenotype and even reduces the level of protein carbonylation, a marker of oxidative damage. Until now, beneficial effects of LIT were mainly assessed at the physiological level. We investigated the effects of LIT at the molecular level on 8-week-old wild-type and mdx muscle using 2D Western blot and protein-protein interaction analysis. We found that the fast isoforms of troponin T and myosin binding protein C as well as glycogen phosphorylase were overcarbonylated and downregulated in mdx muscle. Some of the mitochondrial enzymes of the citric acid cycle were overcarbonylated, whereas some proteins of the respiratory chain were downregulated. Of functional importance, ATP synthase was only partially assembled, as revealed by Blue Native PAGE analysis. LIT decreased the carbonylation level and increased the expression of fast isoforms of troponin T and of myosin binding protein C, and glycogen phosphorylase. In addition, it increased the expression of aconitate hydratase and NADH dehydrogenase, and fully restored the ATP synthase complex. Our study demonstrates that the benefits of LIT are associated with lowered oxidative damage as revealed by carbonylation and higher expression of proteins involved in energy metabolism and muscle contraction. Potentially, these results will help to design therapies for DMD based on exercise mimicking drugs.
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PMID:Low intensity training of mdx mice reduces carbonylation and increases expression levels of proteins involved in energy metabolism and muscle contraction. 2566 Sep 94