Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.99.3 (diaphorase)
5,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The coexistence of S100beta with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM), nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was examined in the glossopharyngeal and vagal sensory ganglia. S100beta immunoreactive (-ir) neurons in the jugular and petrosal ganglia frequently colocalized CGRP- or SP-ir, whereas S100beta-ir neurons in the nodose ganglion infrequently contained CGRP- or SP-ir. No S100beta-ir neurons in the jugular and petrosal ganglia showed SOM-ir while the small number of SOM-ir neurons in the nodose ganglion colocalized S100beta-ir. Many neurons in the nodose ganglion colocalized S100beta-ir and NADPH-d activity, whereas S100beta-ir neurons in the jugular and nodose ganglia infrequently contained NADPH-d activity. S100beta- and TH-ir were frequently colocalized in nodose ganglion but not in petrosal or jugular ganglion neurons. These findings suggest relationships between S100beta and specific putative transmitters in functions of subpopulations of vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory neurons.
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PMID:Coexistence of s100beta and putative transmitter agents in vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory neurons of the rat. 968 88

The aim of the present study was to analyze the neurochemical properties of the centrifugal visual system (CVS) of the quail using an immunohistochemical approach by testing 16 neuropeptides (angiotensin: ANG, bradykinin: BK, cholecystokinin, dynorphin, L and M-enkephalin, beta-endorphin: beta-END, galanin, alpha-neoendorphin, neurokinin A, neuropeptide Y (NPY), ocytocin, somatostatin, substance P, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) and three neurotransmitters or their synthetic enzymes (choline acetyltransferase: ChAT, tyrosine hydroxylase: TH, serotonin: 5-HT and nitric oxide synthase: NOS, including the histochemical nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase technique). For each substance, the somatic and afferent fiber and terminal labeling was analyzed within the nucleus isthmo-opticus (NIO) and the ectopic area (EA) and compared with that of retinopetal cell bodies labeled retrogradely with RITC following its intraocular injection (double-labeling procedure). The results showed that none of the centrifugal neurons were reactive to any of the substances tested. In contrast, all with the exception of ANG, BK and beta-END, labeled fibers and terminals within the EA and only four (ChAT, 5-HT, NPY and NOS) within the NIO. Possible sources of these immunoreactive fibers terminating in the NIO and EA were investigated by mapping the somatic immunolabeling of the different substances within brainstem regions previously shown by Miceli and other authors to project upon the centrifugal neurons. The data suggests that, besides the rapid retino-tecto-NIO-retinal loop, which facilitates the transfer of meaningful or more relevant information within particular portions of the visual field, the multiple afferent input which stems from various brainstem regions utilizes a wide range of neuroactive substances. Some of these afferent projections upon the centrifugal neurons appear to belong to nonspecific systems which might play a role in modulating the excitability of centrifugal neurons as a function of arousal.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of putative neuromodulators and transmitters in the centrifugal visual system of the quail (Coturnix japonica). 971 61

Medullae were obtained at autopsy from seven patients with no neurologic disease, and sections were processed for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d), or both. Both TH- and NADPH-d reactive neurons had close anatomical relationship with penetrating blood vessels in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM). Three patterns were identified: 1) processes arising from a neighboring neuron reaching the blood vessel; 2) direct appositions of cell bodies to blood vessels; and 3) fibers coursing parallel to the blood vessels. This intrinsic innervation may provide a mechanism of coupling among local metabolism, sympathetic activity, and blood flow in the VLM.
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PMID:Intrinsic vasomotor innervation of blood vessels in human ventrolateral medulla. 1022 13

Nitric oxide (NO) has been proposed to function as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the lower urinary tract. This study investigates the distribution of NO-containing neurons and its changes following urethral obstruction in the guinea-pig. By using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and NO synthase (NOS) immunohistochemistry, the highest frequency of NO-containing neurons was observed in the bladder base. Double labelling studies showed that 70.9% of NADPH-d reactive neurons co-expressed NOS immunoreactivity. Acetylcholinesterase reactivity was present in the majority of the intramural neurons with 54% of them expressed NOS immunoreactivity. NADPH-d reactivity was colocalized with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P immunoreactivities in both neurons and fibres. Colocalization study also revealed that NADPH-d reactive neurons formed a distinct cell population from tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons. At 12 hours after urethral obstruction, NADPH-d reactivity in the intramural ganglion cells was noticeably enhanced and this was sustained till 24 hours whence some intensely stained neurons appeared to undergo degenerative changes. Neuronal degeneration was more drastic at 48 hours so that the number of NADPH-d positive neurons was significantly reduced. The present study suggests that NO is an important neurotransmitter in the urinary bladder and that it may be involved in the relaxation activity in the bladder base during micturition. It is speculated that the increased NADPH-d reactivity in intramural ganglion cells elicited by urethral obstruction may be responsible for the cell death. It is suggested that the resulting cell loss or bladder denervation may account for the urinary dysfunction such as frequency and urgency of micturition in patients with urethral obstruction.
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PMID:Nitric oxide synthase--its distribution and alteration in the intramural ganglia of the urinary bladder in normal and urethra-obstructed guinea pigs. 1037 26

Male rat copulatory ability decreases dramatically following castration. This may be due in part to the impairment of medial preoptic area (MPOA) dopamine (DA) release. Previous studies showed that extracellular DA levels in the MPOA of castrates were lower than in intact males, both during basal conditions and in the presence of a receptive female. However, tissue levels of DA in the MPOA were higher in castrates than in intact males, suggesting that DA synthesis may be normal or increased in castrates, but that release may be compromised. The current study found that neither long term (2 months) nor short term (2 weeks) castration had any effect on the number of neurons in the DA A(14) area that were immunoreactive (ir) for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate limiting enzyme for DA synthesis. Therefore, castration may not affect DA synthesis in the MPOA. Tissue levels of neurotransmitter reflect release, as well as synthesis. We previously reported that nitric oxide (NO) may increase DA release in the MPOA. The present study tested whether castration affected the number of NO producing cells in the MPOA. Long term, but not short term, castration significantly decreased the number of NADPH-d (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase) positive neurons and brain nitric oxide synthase immunoreactive (bNOS-ir) neurons in the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN). This suggests that in gonadally intact animals testosterone may activate NOS, which increases the production of NO. Long or short term castration had no effect on the numbers of bNOS-ir neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) or medial amygdala. However, short term castration decreased bNOS-ir neurons in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST). Thus, one means by which testosterone promotes male sexual behavior may be by increasing production of NO in the MPOA, which increases local DA release.
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PMID:Effects of testosterone on neuronal nitric oxide synthase and tyrosine hydroxylase. 1041 8

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is the thalamic relay of retinal information to cortex. An extensive complement of nonretinal inputs to the LGN combine to modulate the responsiveness of relay cells to their retinal inputs, and thus control the transfer of visual information to cortex. These inputs have been studied in the most detail in the cat. The goal of the present study was to determine whether the neurotransmitters used by nonretinal afferents to the monkey LGN are similar to those identified in the cat. By combining the retrograde transport of tracers injected into the monkey LGN with immunocytochemical labeling for choline acetyl transferase, brain nitric oxide synthase, glutamic acid decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, or the histochemical nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase reaction, we determined that the organization of neurotransmitter inputs to the monkey LGN is strikingly similar to the patterns occurring in the cat. In particular, we found that the monkey LGN receives a significant cholinergic/nitrergic projection from the pedunculopontine tegmentum, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic projections from the thalamic reticular nucleus and pretectum, and a cholinergic projection from the parabigeminal nucleus. The major difference between the innervation of the LGN in the cat and the monkey is the absence of a noradrenergic projection to the monkey LGN. The segregation of the noradrenergic cells and cholinergic cells in the monkey brainstem also differs from the intermingled arrangement found in the cat brainstem. Our findings suggest that studies of basic mechanisms underlying the control of visual information flow through the LGN of the cat may relate directly to similar issues in primates, and ultimately, humans.
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PMID:Neurotransmitters contained in the subcortical extraretinal inputs to the monkey lateral geniculate nucleus. 1093 91

The histochemistry of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) and immunoreactivity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS-IR) can be demonstrated in various cell types of the vertebrate retina. In this study, we have focused on characterizing the different NADPH-d-positive amacrine cell types in turtle retina. Cryostat sections were examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy for double immunofluorescence with antibodies against nNOS and either GABA or glycine, or by combining histochemistry with immunocytochemistry to obtain triple labeling with NADPH-d, GABA, and glycine. Forty-eight percent of the NADPH-d-labeled amacrine cells colocalized GABA, 52% glycine. Here we show that two morphologically different types of amacrine cell are nNOS/glycine-IR and three types are nNOS/GABA-IR. Antibodies against calretinin, parvalbumin, somatostatin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and choline acetyltransferase did not colocalize with nNOS-IR or NADPH-d-labeled amacrine cells, but 15% of the NOS-labeled amacrine cells showed immunoreactivity against calbindin. Only GABA has been seen to colocalize with NADPH-d in amacrine cells in previous reports in other species. The finding here of glycine colocalizing with NO-containing cells is novel. We suggest that NO, apart from its well known function in gap junction regulation, can also modulate the release of both GABA and glycine in the turtle retina.
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PMID:Morphological and neurochemical diversity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-positive amacrine cells in the turtle retina. 1107 11

The gut of silver eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) was investigated in order to describe both the cholinergic and adrenergic intramural innervations, and the localization of possible accessory neuromediators. Histochemical reactions for the demonstration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form-(NADPH-)diaphorase and acetylcholinesterase (AChEase) were performed, as well as the immunohistochemical testing of tyrosine hydroxylase, met-enkephalin, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), bombesin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin, cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8), serotonin, cholineacetyl transferase. The results evidenced a different pattern in comparison with other vertebrates, namely mammals, and with other fish. Both NADPH-diaphorase and AChEase activities were histochemically detected all along the gut in the myenteric plexus, the inner musculature and the propria-submucosa. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was observed in the intestinal tract only, both in the myenteric plexus and in the inner musculature. Several neuropeptides (metenkephalin, CGRP, bombesin, substance P, VIP, NPY, somatostatin) were, in addition, detected in the intramural innervation; some of them also in epithelial cells of the diffuse endocrine system (met-enkephalin, substance P, NPY, somatostatin). Serotonin was only present in endocrine cells. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was present in localizations similar to those of NADPH-diaphorase-reactivity, and in the same nerve bundles in which substance P- and CGRP-like-immunoreactivities were detectable in the intestinal tract. In addition, NADPH-diaphorase-reactive neurons showed an anatomical relationship with AChEase-reactive nerve terminals, and a similar relationship existed between the latter and substance P-like immunoreactivity.
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PMID:Neurotransmitters and putative neuromodulators in the gut of Anguilla anguilla (L.). Localizations in the enteric nervous and endocrine systems. 1109 1

The motility of the avian oviduct is controlled by hormones and neurons, but little is microscopically known about a neural network in the oviduct. The present study was investigated to determine the distribution of nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons in the oviduct of the pigeon by histochemistry for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d). The NADPH-d reaction was seen in the neurons and fibers. NADPH-d neurons were mainly distributed around the arterioles of the intermuscular tissue in the upper oviduct (infundibulum, magnum, and isthmus); in addition, NADPH-d neurons were also seen in the smooth muscle layers and lamina propria in the lower oviduct (uterus and vagina). NADPH-d neurons were found singly or in small groups of two-eight cell bodies. The number of NADPH-d neurons was smallest in the infundibulum, gradually increased toward the vagina. NADPH-d was also shown to be strongly positive in many neurons in the ganglia of the vaginal adventitia. Bundles of NADPH-d fibers ran in the smooth muscle layer, surrounded blood vessels, or connected with small groups of NADPH-d neurons by forming strands. Thin fibers branched from these bundles and constituted a finer network in the smooth muscle layer and lamina propria. Acetylcholinesterase staining in neurons and fibers showed a similar pattern of NADPH-d distribution in the oviduct. By double staining, 70 approximately 77% of neurons showed colocalization of NADPH-d and acetylcholinesterase in the uterus and vagina. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity stained only nerve fibers and were distributed largely around blood vessels in the oviduct. Nerve fibers immunoreactive for calcitonin-gene related peptide, galanin, methionine-enkephalin, substance P, or vasoactive intestinal peptide were found sparsely in the oviduct. These results demonstrate that nitrergic neurons make up a large subpopulation of intrinsic neurons that are closely associated with a cholinergic system in the pigeon oviduct, thus suggesting that nitric oxide and acetylcholine could be used to modify the relaxation of the avian oviduct.
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PMID:Innervation of the pigeon oviduct: correlation of NADPH diaphorase with acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and neuropeptides. 1110 84

The ultrastructural features of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) -immunoreactive interneurons of rat nucleus accumbens shell and core were studied and compared. The NOS-containing subpopulation displayed characteristics similar to those previously described for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase-, neuropeptide Y, or somatostatin-containing striatal neurons, but also showed properties not previously associated with them, particularly the formation of both asymmetric and symmetric synaptic junctions. Inputs derived mainly from unlabeled terminals, but some contacts were made by NOS-immunolabeled terminals, by means of asymmetric synapses. Immunopositive endings that formed symmetric synapses were mainly onto dendritic shafts, whereas those that formed asymmetric synapses targeted spine heads. Morphometric analysis revealed that the core and shell NOS-stained neurons had subtly different innervation patterns and that immunostained terminals were significantly larger in the shell. A parallel investigation explored synaptic associations with dopaminergic innervation identified by labeling with an antibody against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In both shell and core, TH-positive boutons formed symmetric synapses onto NOS-containing dendrites, and in the core, TH- and NOS-immunolabeled terminals converged on both a single spiny dendrite and a spine. These results suggest that, in the rat nucleus accumbens, NOS-containing neurons may be further partitioned into subtypes, with differing connectivities in shell and core regions. These NOS-containing neurons may be influenced by a dopaminergic input. Recent studies suggest that nitric oxide potentiates dopamine release and the current study identifies the medium-sized, densely spiny neurons as a possible site of such an interaction.
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PMID:Ultrastructural features of the nitric oxide synthase-containing interneurons in the nucleus accumbens and their relationship with tyrosine hydroxylase-containing terminals. 1116 96


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