Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.99.3 (diaphorase)
5,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Glutamate excitocytotoxicity is implied in the cause of neuronal degeneration in the neostriatum, in which the toxicity may be mediated by different families of glutamate receptors. The precise cellular localization of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA)-type glutamate receptor subunits (GluR1-4), one of the major family that involves in the mechanisms of glutamate excitocytotoxicity, in different populations of striatal neurons is therefore of special interest. Immunoreactivity for GluR2/3 subunits was detected in the medium-sized spiny neurons. By double labelling experiments, immunoreactivity for GluR1 and GluR4 was detected only in aspiny striatal neurons that display parvalbumin immunoreactivity, but not in the other neuron populations that display choline acetyltransferase or muscarinic m2 receptor immunoreactivity, nor neurons that display nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase activity. These results indicate that GluR1 and GluR4 immunoreactivity is displayed only in the GABAergic interneurons in the neostriatum. In addition, almost all of the GluR1-immunoreactive neurons were found to display GluR4 immunoreactivity. This finding indicates for the first time that the striatal GABAergic interneurons co-express GluR1 and GluR4 subunits. The results of the present study indicate that there is a differential localization of AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunits in different populations of striatal neurons and they may have a different susceptibility to glutamate excitocytotoxicity.
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PMID:Cellular localization of GluR1, GluR2/3 and GluR4 glutamate receptor subunits in neurons of the rat neostriatum. 946 76

The co-localization of calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactivity with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (ND) activity was analyzed in the Mauthner cells of the tench. Mauthner cells were ND active, and ND staining was observed in the soma, axon cap region, and axon of these neurons. CR co-localized with ND in the axon of the Mauthner cells but not in the cell body or in the dendrites, whereas PV immunoreactivity co-localized with ND in the soma, axon and dendrites. The presence of two different calcium-binding proteins in the Mauthner cells indicates that these neurons need complex calcium-buffering systems. The co-localization of these calcium-binding proteins with ND might suggests their involvement in nitric oxide-related events.
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PMID:Co-localization of calretinin and parvalbumin with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase in tench Mauthner cells. 969 30

We recently reported the existence of a new class of aspiny interneurons characterized by their immunoreactivity for the calcium-binding protein calretinin (CR) in human striatum. This group is composed of numerous medium-sized (10-20 microm) neurons with poorly branched dendrites and a smaller number of large-sized (24-42 microm) neurons with highly ramified dendrites. We further demonstrated the selective sparing of the medium-sized, but not all the large-sized, CR+ striatal neurons in Huntington's disease. In the present study, we applied a double-antigen localization method to postmortem striatal tissue obtained from normal individuals to further characterize the chemical phenotype of these two subsets of CR+ neurons. Our results reveal that in the medium-sized neurons, CR is not colocalized with any of the following current markers of striatal neurons: calbindin, parvalbumin, beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d), or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Furthermore, quantitative estimates show that the medium-sized CR+ neurons are by far the most abundant type of interneurons in the human striatum. In contrast, CR is colocalized with ChAT in about 80% of the large-sized CR+ neurons. Thus, the medium-sized CR+ neurons appear to form a distinct class of striatal interneurons, whereas most of the large-sized CR+ neurons belong to the population of giant cholinergic neurons. This study has provided the first exhaustive characterization of the chemical phenotype of the CR + neurons in the human striatum.
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PMID:Chemical phenotype of calretinin interneurons in the human striatum. 977 32

The cytoarchitecture of the optic tectum of the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, was studied using the Golgi-Kopsch method, parvalbumin, calbindin and GABA immunohistochemistry and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase histochemistry. Our results reveal a large number of different types of interneurons in the quail tectum opticum, only part of which are described in the chick or pigeon. Application of parvalbumin and calbindin immunohistochemistry and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase histochemistry reveals the following lamination pattern: The stratum opticum, stratum griseum centrale and stratum album centrale remain unstained, while the laminae of the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale exhibit a roughly complementary staining pattern of calbindin (laminae c, d, e, f, g, i) and parvalbumin (laminae a, h, i). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase histochemistry yields a dense band in lamina i. The Golgi material reveals the following cell types in the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale: marginal cells in the stratum opticum and in lamina h and i, horizontal cells in laminae a and c, large and small radial cells in laminae b, d, h and i, multiform cells in lamina b, bitufted cells in lamina d and e, large pear-shaped cells in lamina g, wide-field cells in lamina j, and stellate cells in lamina j and in the stratum griseum centrale. We consider horizontal cells, bitufted cells, multiform cells and small radial cells to be GABAergic interneurons of the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale which seem to be more numerous than in the pigeon tectum opticum. Golgi impregnation and injection of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the pretectal nucleus lentiformis yielded regularly distributed clusters of telodendra of pretectal axons in lamina d of the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale, which are identical in shape and position with axon plexus revealed by Golgi staining.
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PMID:Cytoarchitecture of the tectum opticum in the Japanese quail. 988 78

The histochemistry of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) and immunoreactivity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS-IR) can be demonstrated in various cell types of the vertebrate retina. In this study, we have focused on characterizing the different NADPH-d-positive amacrine cell types in turtle retina. Cryostat sections were examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy for double immunofluorescence with antibodies against nNOS and either GABA or glycine, or by combining histochemistry with immunocytochemistry to obtain triple labeling with NADPH-d, GABA, and glycine. Forty-eight percent of the NADPH-d-labeled amacrine cells colocalized GABA, 52% glycine. Here we show that two morphologically different types of amacrine cell are nNOS/glycine-IR and three types are nNOS/GABA-IR. Antibodies against calretinin, parvalbumin, somatostatin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and choline acetyltransferase did not colocalize with nNOS-IR or NADPH-d-labeled amacrine cells, but 15% of the NOS-labeled amacrine cells showed immunoreactivity against calbindin. Only GABA has been seen to colocalize with NADPH-d in amacrine cells in previous reports in other species. The finding here of glycine colocalizing with NO-containing cells is novel. We suggest that NO, apart from its well known function in gap junction regulation, can also modulate the release of both GABA and glycine in the turtle retina.
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PMID:Morphological and neurochemical diversity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-positive amacrine cells in the turtle retina. 1107 11

In the Madagascan hedgehog tenrec, Echinops telfairi, the entire paleocortical region (PCx) subjacent to the rhinal indentation is composed of three layers and occupies up to two thirds of the lateral hemisphere. A clear differentiation of PCx into its presumed constituents, the piriform cortex and the entorhinal cortex, as seen in other mammals, has not been obtained so far. To gain insight into location and intrinsic organization of these areas in a basal placental mammal we investigated the tenrec's PCx using cyto-, myelo- and chemoarchitectural criteria (zinc, acetylcholinesterase, NADPh-diaphorase, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin, parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin) and analysed its connections with the olfactory bulb. The layers 2 and 3 of the tenrec's PCx differed from the corresponding layers in the rat. The layer 2 showed a complex distribution of corticobulbar cells but could not be subdivided, in contrast to layer 3. Additional cell groups in the depth of PCx were tentatively compared with subdivisions of the endopiriform region. The architectural and connectional features varied clearly along the rostrocaudal and dorso-ventral extents of PCx and gave hints for the presence of different paleocortical subdivisions. With the possible exception of an area located at the most caudal tip of the dorsomedial hemisphere, however, no conclusive evidence was obtained for the presence of a multilayered, entorhinal region. The bulbar projections to the PCx were very extensive and almost exclusively ipsilateral. The laterality of the projection is similar to that in higher mammals, but differs from that in the erinaceous hedgehog.
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PMID:The subrhinal paleocortex in the hedgehog tenrec: a multiarchitectonic characterization and an analysis of its connections with the olfactory bulb. 1113 Oct 16

To elucidate the molecular basis of muscle atrophy, we have performed the serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) method with control and immobilized muscles of 10 rats. The genes that expressed >0.5% in muscle are involved in the following three functions: 1) contraction (troponin I, C and T; myosin light chain 1-3; actin; tropomyosin; and parvalbumin), 2) energy metabolism (cytochrome c oxidase I and III, creatine kinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate mutase, ATPase 6, and aldolase A), and 3) housekeeping (lens epithelial protein). Muscle atrophy appears to be caused by changes in mRNA levels of specific regulators of proteolysis, protein synthesis, and contractile apparatus assembling, such as polyubiquitin, elongation factor 2, and nebulin. Immobilization has produced a decrease more than threefold in gene expression of enzymes involved in energy metabolism, especially ATPase, cytochrome c oxidase, NADH dehydrogenase, and protein phosphatase 1. Differential gene expressions of selenoprotein W and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, which can be involved in oxidative stress, were also observed. Other genes with various functions, such as cholesterol metabolism and growth factors, were also differentially expressed. Moreover, novel genes regulated by immobilization were discovered. Thus, the current study allows a better understanding of global muscle characteristics and the molecular mechanisms of sedentarity and sarcopenia.
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PMID:Characterization of control and immobilized skeletal muscle: an overview from genetic engineering. 1125 86

Expression of the enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) and the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin was studied in the parietal cortex of male and female rats during postnatal development at 20, 60 and 90 days of age. First, localization of the activity of NADPH-d was combined with the immunohistochemical localization of parvalbumin to facilitate recognition of morphological details and distribution patterns of these two types of cortical neurons. Double staining of neurons for parvalbumin and NADPH-d was never found. Second, it was found that NADPH-d is a simple and proper marker for quantitative studies. Morphometric analysis revealed sexual dimorphism in the density of NADPH-d-positive neurons in 20 days-old prepubertal rats. Females showed higher amounts of NADPH-d-positive neurons than males. No sex-dependent differences were detected in 60 days-old pubertal and 90 days-old postpubertal rats. The present results suggest that sex differences in the number of NADPH-d-positive neurons in the rat parietal cortex may be related to epigenetic effects of gonadal hormones in the early prepubertal period of postnatal development.
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PMID:Postnatal development of neurons expressing NADPH-diaphorase and parvalbumin in the parietal cortex of male and female rats. 1199 47

Nitric oxide (NO) and calcium-binding proteins (CaBP) are important neuromodulators implicated in brain plasticity and brain disease. In addition, the mammalian superior colliculus (SC) has one of the highest concentrations of NO within the brain. The present study was designed to determine the distribution of nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons in the SC of the rabbit by enzyme histochemistry for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d), and its degree of co-localization with CaBP, parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin (CB). NADPH-d-labelled fibres formed dense patches of terminal buttons within the intermediate grey layer and streams of fibres within the deepest layers of SC. Cells expressing NOS constitute a subpopulation of neurons in which practically all cell types are represented. Combined PV/NADPH-d experiments showed a complete lack of co-localization within individual neurons and fibres. On the contrary, double-labelled neurons appeared in CB/NADPH-d-stained sections, only in the superficial layers, and mostly in the SGS and SO. These cells, which were intermingled with other neurons containing either NADPH-d or CB, appear to be a subtype of narrow-field and wide-field vertical cells, and display an anterior-posterior gradient of density. Owing to the involvement of the superficial layers of the SC in the organization and integration of the visual information, it is suggested that these neurons may play a concrete role within the visual circuits. Our data indicate a clear selectivity in the expression of NADPH-d, PV and CB in the SC, and that NO and CB probably serve as co-modulators and/or co-transmitters in the connectivity of the superficial layers of this midbrain structure.
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PMID:NADPH-diaphorase distribution in the rabbit superior colliculus and co-localization with calcium-binding proteins. 1203 34

We have examined the distribution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) and the calcium binding proteins (CBPs), calbindin D-28k (CB), calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV), in the trigeminal nucleus oralis (Sp5O). NADPH-d was detected by histochemistry while CBP was detected by immunohistochemistry. NADPH-d-positive neurons were distributed in the medial rostro-dorsomedial part (RDMsp5O) and dorsomedial part (DMsp5O) of Sp5O, and the rostrolateral part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). CB- and CR-positive neurons were mainly distributed in the dorsal part of Sp5O. In contrast, PV-positive neurons were mainly distributed in the ventral part of Sp5O. NADPH-d colocalized with CB (40%) and CR (20%) but not with PV in neurons of DMsp5O/ NTS. The mean cell sizes of neurons in RDMsp5O were larger than those in DMsp5O/NTS. PV-positive neurons were larger than NADPH-d-positive neurons. NADPH-d-, CB- and CR-positive neurons were generally small in RDMsp5O and DMsp5O/NTS. Few neurons were retrogradely labeled in RDMsp5O and DMsp5O from the thalamus, when numerous labeled neurons were in the principal and interpolar nuclei. These data indicate that NADPH-d histochemistry and CB, CR and PV immunohistochemistry identify a discrete cell population in Sp5O. Those labeled neurons in RDMsp5O and DMsp5O/NTS were considered to be involved in sensorimotor reflexive function of the intra-oral structures.
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PMID:NADPH-diaphorase and calcium binding proteins in the trigeminal nucleus oralis of rats. 1239 73


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