Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.99.3 (diaphorase)
5,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Genes homologous to those encoding mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunits ND4L and ND5 in filamentous fungi were identified in the mitochondrial genome of a budding yeast, Hansenula wingei. The structure and expression of these genes were investigated. The H. wingei ND4L gene is 282 bp long, and potentially codes for a polypeptide of 94 amino acids. The putative ND4L protein sequence shares about 46% homology with the analogous mitochondrial proteins of filamentous fungi. The H. wingei ND5 gene is 1935 bp long, and encodes a 645-residue polypeptide. The derived ND5 protein shares about 38% sequence homology with the analogue in filamentous fungi. The ND4L and ND5 genes have no intervening sequence, and form a gene cluster in the order of 5'-ND4L-ND5-3'. A presumptive mature dicistronic or polycistronic transcript of these genes was detected by Northern blot hybridization. These results strongly indicate that these ND4L and ND5 genes are active. As far as we are aware, this is the first report on the identification of mitochondrially encoded ND genes in yeast.
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PMID:The mitochondrial genome of yeast Hansenula wingei encodes NADH dehydrogenase subunit genes ND4L and ND5. 820 91

Analyses of the Trypanosoma equiperdum (ATCC 30019) maxicircle reveals deletions, duplications and rearrangement compared to T. brucei. The genes for 9S rRNA and 12 proteins are absent. The 12S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes lack their 3' ends and are adjacent indicating deletion of intervening genes. The remaining two NADH dehydrogenase subunit genes (ND4 and ND5), the ribosomal protein RPS12 gene and the CR5 gene are duplicated and rearranged. ND4, RPS12 and the CR4 transcripts are abundant in steady state RNA while 12S rRNA and COI transcripts are not detected. Full length ND5 transcripts are rare, if present, but chimeric ND5/ND4 transcripts are abundant. The CR4 and RPS12 transcripts are the size of unedited RNAs suggesting that they are processed. However, they are not edited normally, presumably due to the absence of minicircle gRNA genes.
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PMID:Mitochondrial transcripts are processed but are not edited normally in Trypanosoma equiperdum (ATCC 30019) which has kDNA sequence deletion and duplication. 820 73

For long time, it has been believed that the yeast mitochondrial (mt) genome lacks NADH dehydrogenase subunit genes which are designated ND genes. However, our complete mtDNA sequencing of yeast Hansenula wingei led us to the first finding of seven mitochondrial ND genes. We investigated the distribution of ND genes in mtDNAs of other yeasts including Pichia membranaefaciens, Yarrowia lypolitica, Candida maltosa, Saccharomyces kluyveri and Saccharomyces exiguus. By Southern hybridization with probes of H. wingei's ND1, 2 and 5 genes, we detected positive signals on mtDNAs in P. membranaefaciens, Y. lypolitica, and C. maltosa. To confirm this, we cloned and sequenced DNA fragment of ND5 gene in P. membranaefaciens. We have discussed the sequence homology and genome structure.
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PMID:The distribution of ND genes in yeast mitochondrial genomes and the mitochondrial DNA structure of Pichia membranaefacens. 884 33

The Pacific-rim, dioecious bivalve Mytilus californianus contains two distinct sequence types of mitochondrial (mt) DNA that are gender-limited in their occurrence. One type (F) is found in both females and males, but the second type (M) is strictly limited to males. Although F- and M-type mtDNAs occur in approximately equal proportion in testes, there is a preponderance of M-type in sperm. Segments of the COI and ND5 genes of F-type and M-type mtDNAs differ in nucleotide sequence by 21.1% and 31.6%, and in predicted amino-acid sequence by 7.9% and 27.1%, respectively. These latter observations raise hitherto unconsidered questions regarding the number of different variants of cytochrome c oxidase and NADH dehydrogenase that may occur in Mytilus non-gametic male cells.
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PMID:Gender-associated diverse mitochondrial DNA molecules of the mussel Mytilus californianus. 910 39

In parasitic kinetoplastid protozoa, mitochondrial (mt) mRNAs are post-transcriptionally edited by insertion and deletion of uridylate residues, the information being provided by guide (g) RNAs. In order to further explore the role and evolutionary history of this process, we searched for editing in mt RNAs of the free-living bodonid Bodo saltans. We found extensive editing in the transcript for NADH dehydrogenase (ND) subunit 5, which is unedited in trypanosomatids. In contrast, B.saltans cytochrome c oxidase (cox) subunit 2 and maxicircle unidentified reading frame (MURF) 2 RNAs display limited editing in the same regions as their trypanosomatid counterparts. A putative intramolecular cox2 gRNA and the gene for gMURF2-I directing the insertion of only one U in the 5' editing domain of MURF2 RNA, are conserved in B.saltans. This lends (further) evolutionary support to the proposed role of these sequences as gRNAs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that B.saltans is more closely related to trypanosomatids than the cryptobiids Trypanoplasma borreli and Cryptobia helicis, in line with the trypanosomatid-like cox2 and MURF2 RNA editing patterns. Nevertheless, other features like the apparent absence of a catenated mtDNA network, are shared with bodonid and cryptobiid species. ND5 RNA editing may represent yet another example of editing 'on the way out' during kinetoplastid evolution, but in view of the fact that cox2 RNA is unedited in T. borreli and C.helicis, we infer that the editing of this RNA may have arisen relatively recently. Our results provide the first examples of RNA editing in a free-living kinetoplastid, indicating that there is no direct link between U-insertion/deletion editing and a parasitic lifestyle.
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PMID:RNA editing in the free-living bodonid Bodo saltans. 946 17

Oxidants are important in the regulation of signal transduction and gene expression. Multiple classes of genes are transcriptionally activated by oxidants and are implicated in different phenotypic responses. In the present study, we performed differential mRNA display to elucidate genes that are induced or repressed after exposure of rat lung epithelial (RLE) cells to H2O2 or crocidolite asbestos, a pathogenic mineral that generates oxidants. After 8 or 24 hr of exposure, RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed, and amplified by polymerase chain reaction with degenerate primers to visualize alterations in gene expression. The seven clones obtained were sequenced and encoded the mitochondrial genes, NADH dehydrogenase subunits ND5 and ND6, and 16S ribosomal RNA. Evaluation of their expression by Northern blot analysis revealed increased expression of 16S rRNA after 1 or 2 hr of exposure to H2O2. At later time periods (4 and 24 hr), mRNA levels of 16S rRNA and NADH dehydrogenase were decreased in H2O2-treated RLE cells when compared to sham controls. Crocidolite asbestos caused increases in 16S rRNA levels after 8 hr of exposure, whereas after 24 hr of exposure to asbestos, 16S rRNA levels were decreased in comparison to sham controls. In addition to these oxidants, the nitric oxide generator spermine NONOate caused similar decreases in NADH dehydrogenase mRNA levels after 4 hr of exposure. The present data and previous studies demonstrated that all oxidants examined resulted in apoptosis in RLE cells during the time frame where alterations of mitochondrial gene expression were observed. As the mitochondrion is a major organelle that controls apoptosis, alterations in expression of mitochondrial genes may be involved in the regulation of apoptosis.
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PMID:Modulation of mitochondrial gene expression in pulmonary epithelial cells exposed to oxidants. 978 97

Identification of the progenitors of plants endemic to oceanic islands often is complicated by extreme morphological divergence between island and continental taxa. This is especially true for the Hawaiian Islands, which are 3,900 km from any continental source. We examine the origin of Hesperomannia, a genus of three species endemic to Hawaii that always have been placed in the tribe Mutisieae of the sunflower family. Phylogenetic analyses of representatives from all tribes in this family using the chloroplast gene ndhF (where ndhF is the ND5 protein of chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase) indicate that Hesperomannia belongs to the tribe Vernonieae. Phylogenetic comparisons within the Vernonieae using sequences of both ndhF and the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA reveal that Hesperomannia is sister to African species of Vernonia. Long-distance dispersal northeastward from Africa to southeast Asia and across the many Pacific Ocean island chains is the most likely explanation for this unusual biogeographic connection. The 17- to 26-million-year divergence time between African Vernonia and Hesperomannia estimated by the DNA sequences predates the age of the eight existing Hawaiian Islands. These estimates are consistent with an hypothesis that the progenitor of Hesperomannia arrived at one of the low islands of the Hawaiian-Emperor chain between the late Oligocene and mid-Miocene when these islands were above sea level. Subsequent to its arrival the southeast Pacific island chains served as steppingstones for dispersal to the existing Hawaiian Islands.
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PMID:Molecular evidence for an African origin of the Hawaiian endemic Hesperomannia (Asteraceae). 986 Sep 87

The nucleotide sequence of a 9240-base pair DNA fragment of the mitochondrial (mt) genome of a squid, Loligo bleekeri, was determined, in which 8 protein and 14 tRNA genes were identified. The gene organization of the mt-genome exhibits a greater resemblance to the gene organization of arthropods and a chiton, Katharina tunicata, than to those of a mussel, Mytilus edulis, and land snails. A cloverleaf-like structure was observed between the genes for subunits 4 and 5 of NADH dehydrogenase (ND4 and -5), which is considered to have originated from histidine tRNA. It is presumed that this structure functions as a transcriptional punctuation signal for the maturation of the ND4 and ND5 mRNAs.
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PMID:Gene contents and organization of a mitochondrial DNA segment of the squid Loligo bleekeri. 1022 73

A mouse cell variant carrying in heteroplasmic form a nonsense mutation in the mitochondrial DNA-encoded ND5 subunit of the respiratory NADH dehydrogenase has been isolated and characterized. The derivation from this mutant of a large number of cell lines containing between 4 and 100% of the normal number of wild-type ND5 genes has allowed an analysis of the genetic and functional thresholds operating in mouse mitochondria. In wild-type cells, approximately 40% of the ND5 mRNA level was in excess of that required for ND5 subunit synthesis. However, in heteroplasmic cells, the functional mRNA level decreased in proportion to the number of wild-type ND5 genes over a 25-fold range, pointing to the lack of any compensatory increase in rate of transcription and/or stability of mRNA. Most strikingly, the highest ND5 synthesis rate was just sufficient to support the maximum NADH dehydrogenase-dependent respiration rate, with no upregulation of translation occurring with decreasing wild-type mRNA levels. These results indicate that, despite the large excess of genetic potential of the mammalian mitochondrial genome, respiration is tightly regulated by ND5 gene expression.
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PMID:Tight control of respiration by NADH dehydrogenase ND5 subunit gene expression in mouse mitochondria. 1062 37

The mitochondrial, proton-pumping NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase consists of at least 35 subunits whose synthesis is divided between the cytosol and mitochondria; this complex I catalyzes the first steps of mitochondrial electron transfer and proton translocation. Radiolabel from [(3)H]myristic acid was incorporated by Neurospora crassa into the mitochondrial-encoded, approximately 70 kDa ND5 subunit of NADH dehydrogenase, as shown by immunoprecipitation. This myristate apparently was linked to the peptide through an amide linkage at an invariant lysine residue (Lys546), based upon analyses of proteolysis products. The myristoylated lysine residue occurs in the predicted transmembrane helix 17 (residues 539-563) of ND5. A consensus amino acid sequence around this conserved residue exists in homologous subunits of NADH dehydrogenase. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, in all prokaryotes and eukaryotes, contains this same consensus sequence surrounding the lysine which is myristoylated in N. crassa.
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PMID:NADH dehydrogenase in Neurospora crassa contains myristic acid covalently linked to the ND5 subunit peptide. 1069 61


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