Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:1.6.99.3 (diaphorase)
5,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (LADH) lipoamide reductase activity decreased whereas enzyme diaphorase activity increased after LADH treatment with myeloperoxidase (MPO) dependent systems (MPO/H2O2/halide, MPO/NADH/halide and MPO/H2O2/nitrite systems. LADH inactivation was a function of the composition of the inactivating system and the incubation time. Chloride, iodide, bromide, and the thiocyanate anions were effective complements of the MPO/H2O2 system. NaOCl inactivated LADH, thus supporting hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as putative agent of the MPO/H2O2/NaCl system. NaOCl and the MPO/H2O2/NaCl system oxidized LADH thiols and NaOCl also oxidized LADH methionine and tyrosine residues. LADH inactivation by the MPO/NADH/halide systems was prevented by catalase and enhanced by superoxide dismutase, in close agreement with H2O2 production by the LADH/NADH system. Similar effects were obtained with lactoperoxidase and horse-radish peroxidase supplemented systems. L-cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, penicillamine, N-(2-mercaptopropionylglycine), Captopril and taurine protected LADH against MPO systems and NaOCl. The effect of the MPO/H2O2/NaNO2 system was prevented by MPO inhibitors (sodium azide, isoniazid, salicylhydroxamic acid) and also by L-cysteine, L-methionine, L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, L-histidine and reduced glutathione. The summarized observations support the hypothesis that peroxidase-generated "reactive species" oxidize essential thiol groups at LADH catalytic site.
...
PMID:Inactivation of myocardial dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase by myeloperoxidase systems: effect of halides, nitrite and thiol compounds. 1019 78

Phylogenetic relationships among lizards of the families Anguidae, Anniellidae, Xenosauridae, and Shinisauridae are investigated using 2001 aligned bases of mitochondrial DNA sequence from the genes encoding ND1 (subunit one of NADH dehydrogenase), tRNA(Ile), tRNA(Gln), tRNA(Met), ND2, tRNA(Trp), tRNA(Ala), tRNA(Asn), tRNA(Cys), tRNA(Tyr), and COI (subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase), plus the origin for light-strand replication (O(L)) between the tRNA(Asn) and the tRNA(Cys) genes. The aligned sequences contain 1013 phylogenetically informative characters. A well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis is obtained. Because monophyly of the family Xenosauridae (Shinisaurus and Xenosaurus) is statistically rejected, we recommend placing Shinisaurus in a separate family, the Shinisauridae. The family Anniellidae and the anguid subfamilies Gerrhonotinae and Anguinae each form monophyletic groups receiving statistical support. The Diploglossinae*, which appears monophyletic, is retained as a metataxon (denoted with an asterisk) because its monophyly is statistically neither supported nor rejected. The family Anguidae appears monophyletic in analyses of the DNA sequence data, and statistical support for its monophyly is provided by reanalysis of previously published allozymic data. Anguid lizards appear to have had a northern origin in Laurasia. Taxa currently located on Gondwanan plates arrived there by dispersal from the north in two separate events, one from the West Indies to South America and another from a Laurasian plate to Morocco. Because basal anguine lineages are located in western Eurasia and Morocco, formation of the Atlantic Ocean (late Eocene) is implicated in the separation of the Anguinae from its North American sister taxon, the Gerrhonotinae. Subsequent dispersal of anguine lizards to East Asia and North America appears to have followed the Oligocene drying of the Turgai Sea. The alternative hypothesis, that anguine lizards originated in North America and dispersed to Asia via the Bering land bridge with subsequent colonization of Europe and Morocco, requires a phylogenetic tree seven steps longer than the most parsimonious hypothesis. North African, European, and West Asian anguines were isolated from others by the rapid uplift of Tibet in the late Oligocene to Miocene. Phylogenetic analysis of evolutionary changes in the gene encoding tRNA(Cys) suggests gradual reduction of dihydrouridine (D) stems by successive deletion of bases in some lineages. This evolutionary pattern contrasts with the one observed for parallel elimination of the D-stem in mitochondrial tRNAs of eight other reptile groups, in which replication slippage produces direct repeats. An unusual, enlarged TpsiC (T) stem is inferred for tRNA(Cys) in most species.
...
PMID:Molecular phylogenetics, tRNA evolution, and historical biogeography in anguid lizards and related taxonomic families. 1041 21

A well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis is presented for gekkonid lizards of the genus Teratoscincus. Phylogenetic relationships of four of the five species are investigated using 1733 aligned bases of mitochondrial DNA sequence from the genes encoding ND1 (subunit one of NADH dehydrogenase), tRNA(Ile), tRNA(Gln), tRNA(Met), ND2, tRNA(Trp), tRNA(Ala), tRNA(Asn), tRNA(Cys), tRNA(Tyr), and COI (subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase). A single most parsimonious tree depicts T. przewalskii and T. roborowskii as a monophyletic group, with T. scincus as their sister taxon and T. microlepis as the sister taxon to the clade containing the first three species. The aligned sequences contain 341 phylogenetically informative characters. Each node is supported by a bootstrap value of 100% and the shortest suboptimal tree requires 29 additional steps. Allozymic variation is presented for proteins encoded by 19 loci but these data are largely uninformative phylogenetically. Teratoscincus species occur on tectonic plates of Gondwanan origin that were compressed by the impinging Indian Subcontinent, resulting in massive montane uplifting along plate boundaries. Taxa occurring in China (Tarim Block) form a monophyletic group showing vicariant separation from taxa in former Soviet Central Asia and northern Afghanistan (Farah Block); alternative biogeographic hypotheses are statistically rejected. This vicariant event involved the rise of the Tien Shan-Pamir and is well dated to 10 million years before present. Using this date for separation of taxa occurring on opposite sides of the Tien Shan-Pamir, an evolutionary rate of 0.57% divergence per lineage per million years is calculated. This rate is similar to estimates derived from fish, bufonid frogs, and agamid lizards for the same region of the mitochondrial genome ( approximately 0.65% divergence per lineage per million years). Evolutionary divergence of the mitochondrial genome has a surprisingly stable rate across vertebrates.
...
PMID:Vicariant patterns of fragmentation among gekkonid lizards of the genus Teratoscincus produced by the Indian collision: A molecular phylogenetic perspective and an area cladogram for Central Asia. 1041 26

Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (LADH) from Trypanosoma cruzi was inactivated by treatment with myeloperoxidase (MPO)-dependent systems. With MPO/H2O2/NaCl, LADH lipoamide reductase and diaphorase activities significantly decreased as a function of incubation time. Iodide, bromide, thiocyanide and chloride effectively supplemented the MPO/H2O2 system, KI and NaCl being the most and the least effective supplements, respectively. LADH inactivation by MPO/H2O2/NaCl and by NaOCl was similarly prevented by thiol compounds such as GSH, L-cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, penicillamine and N-(2-mercaptopropionyl-glycine) in agreement with the role of HOCI in LADH inactivation by MPO/H2O2/NaCl. LADH was also inactivated by MPO/NADH/halide, MPO/H2O2/NaNO2 and MPO/NADH/NaNO2 systems. Catalase prevented the action of the NADH-dependent systems, thus supporting H2O2 production by NADH-supplemented LADH. MPO inhibitors (4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide, and isoniazid), GSH, L-cysteine, L-methionine and L-tryptophan prevented LADH inactivation by MPO/H2O2/NaNO2. Other MPO systems inactivating LADH were (a) MPO/H2O2/chlorpromazine; (b) MPO/H2O2/monophenolic systems, including L-tyrosine, serotonin and acetaminophen and (c) MPO/H2O2/di- and polyphenolic systems, including norepinephrine, catechol, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin and catechin. Comparison of the above effects and those previously reported with pig myocardial LADH indicates that both enzymes were similarly affected by the MPO-dependent systems, allowance being made for T. cruzi LADH diaphorase inactivation and the greater sensitivity of its LADH lipoamide reductase activity towards the MPO/H2O2/NaCl system and NaOCl.
...
PMID:Trypanosoma cruzi dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase is inactivated by myeloperoxidase-generated "reactive species". 1082 17

The motility of the avian oviduct is controlled by hormones and neurons, but little is microscopically known about a neural network in the oviduct. The present study was investigated to determine the distribution of nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons in the oviduct of the pigeon by histochemistry for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d). The NADPH-d reaction was seen in the neurons and fibers. NADPH-d neurons were mainly distributed around the arterioles of the intermuscular tissue in the upper oviduct (infundibulum, magnum, and isthmus); in addition, NADPH-d neurons were also seen in the smooth muscle layers and lamina propria in the lower oviduct (uterus and vagina). NADPH-d neurons were found singly or in small groups of two-eight cell bodies. The number of NADPH-d neurons was smallest in the infundibulum, gradually increased toward the vagina. NADPH-d was also shown to be strongly positive in many neurons in the ganglia of the vaginal adventitia. Bundles of NADPH-d fibers ran in the smooth muscle layer, surrounded blood vessels, or connected with small groups of NADPH-d neurons by forming strands. Thin fibers branched from these bundles and constituted a finer network in the smooth muscle layer and lamina propria. Acetylcholinesterase staining in neurons and fibers showed a similar pattern of NADPH-d distribution in the oviduct. By double staining, 70 approximately 77% of neurons showed colocalization of NADPH-d and acetylcholinesterase in the uterus and vagina. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity stained only nerve fibers and were distributed largely around blood vessels in the oviduct. Nerve fibers immunoreactive for calcitonin-gene related peptide, galanin, methionine-enkephalin, substance P, or vasoactive intestinal peptide were found sparsely in the oviduct. These results demonstrate that nitrergic neurons make up a large subpopulation of intrinsic neurons that are closely associated with a cholinergic system in the pigeon oviduct, thus suggesting that nitric oxide and acetylcholine could be used to modify the relaxation of the avian oviduct.
...
PMID:Innervation of the pigeon oviduct: correlation of NADPH diaphorase with acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and neuropeptides. 1110 84

The motility of the avian cloaca is under neural control, but little is known about the neural network that accomplishes this function. This present study was designed to determine the distribution of nitric oxide-synthesising neurons in the pigeon cloaca by enzyme histochemistry for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d). NADPH-d-positive staining was seen in the neurons and fibres in the cloaca. The highest density of nerve fibres was noted in the coprodeum and the lowest in the proctodeum. In the coprodeum, NADPH-d neurons were found singly, formed small groups of 2-10 neurons, or were seen in plexuses in the muscle layer, lamina propria, or around the arterioles. Several NADPH-d-positive neurons were also observed in the ganglia of the cloaca. NADPH-d fibres ran in the muscle layer, lamina muscularis mucosae and lamina propria, or surrounded blood vessels. The distribution pattern of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-stained neurons and fibres in the cloaca was similar to that of NADPH-d. Double staining for NADPH-d and AChE showed colocalisation of the 2 enzymes in many neurons of the cloaca. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive nerve fibres originating outside the cloaca were also noted. In the urodeum and proctodeum, neurons or fibres positive for NADPH-d, AChE or TH were scattered in the lamina propria. Nerve fibres immunoreactive for calcitonin-gene related peptide, galanin, methionine-enkephalin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide were found sparsely in the cloaca. Our results demonstrate that nitrergic neurons constitute a subpopulation which is closely associated with the cholinergic system in the pigeon cloaca.
...
PMID:Innervation of NADPH diaphorase-containing neurons correlated with acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and neuropeptides in the pigeon cloaca. 1127 43

Phylogenetic relationships among salamandrids of the "true" salamander clade are investigated using 2019 aligned base positions (713 parsimony informative) of 20 mitochondrial DNA sequences from the genes encoding ND1 (subunit one of NADH dehydrogenase), tRNA(Ile), tRNA(Gln), tRNA(Met), ND2, tRNA(Trp), tRNA(Ala), tRNA(Asn), tRNA(Cys), tRNA(Tyr), and COI (subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase), plus the origin for light-strand replication (O(L)) between the tRNA(Asn) and the tRNA(Cys) genes. Parsimony analysis produces a robust phylogenetic estimate for the relationships of the major groups of "true" salamanders. Strong support is provided for the sister taxon relationship of Chioglossa and Mertensiella caucasica and for the placement of Salamandra and Mertensiella luschani as sister taxa. These relationships suggest two vicariant events between Europe and Anatolia caused by the formation of seaways in the Mediterranean Basin. Molecular divergence indicates an Early Miocene separation of Chioglossa and M. caucasica and a Late Miocene separation of Salamandra and M. luschani. The traditional phylogenetic hypothesis of a monophyletic Mertensiella is statistically rejected, indicating that southwestern and northeastern Anatolian populations have separate historical biogeographic origins. Therefore, we recommend placement of M. luschani in the genus Salamandra. Within M. luschani, six highly divergent lineages showing 7.6 to 10.1% pairwise sequence divergence are identified. Tests using four-taxon subsamples suggest that these lineages diverged nearly simultaneously in the Late Miocene, approximately 6 to 8 million years ago, when extensive uplifting of Anatolia occurred in response to the Arabian collision.
...
PMID:Molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography among salamandrids of the "true" salamander clade: rapid branching of numerous highly divergent lineages in Mertensiella luschani associated with the rise of Anatolia. 1127 35

Phylogenetic relationships among frogs of the genus Rana from western North America are investigated using 2013 aligned bases of mitochondrial DNA sequence from the genes encoding ND1 (subunit one of NADH dehydrogenase), tRNA(Ile), tRNA(Gln), tRNA(Met), ND2, tRNA(Trp), tRNA(Ala), tRNA(Asn), tRNA(Cys), tRNA(Tyr), and COI (subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase), plus the origin for light-strand replication (O(L)) between the tRNA(Asn) and tRNA(Cys) genes. The aligned sequences contain 401 phylogenetically informative characters. A well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis in which the Rana boylii species group (R. aurora, R. boylii, R. cascadae, R. muscosa, and R. pretiosa) is monophyletic is obtained. Molecular sequence divergence suggests that the R. boylii species group is approximately 8 million years old. The traditional hypothesis showing monophyly of the yellow-legged frogs (R. boylii and R. muscosa) is statistically rejected in favor of a hypothesis in which R. aurora, R. cascadae, and R. muscosa form a clade. Reanalyses of published nuclear ribosomal DNA restriction-site data and allozymic data support a monophyletic R. boylii group, but do not effectively resolve relationships among species within this group. Eight populations of R. muscosa form two major clades separated by a biogeographic break in the Sierra Nevada of California. This biogeographic break is broadly concordant with breaks found in four other amphibian and reptilian taxa. The two major clades within R. muscosa are estimated to have diverged approximately 2.2 million years before present. Each of these major clades contains two subgroups showing approximately 1.5 million years divergence, implicating climatic effects of Pleistocene glaciation in vicariance. The four distinct subgroups of R. muscosa separated by at least 1.4 million years of evolutionary divergence are suggested as potential units for conservation.
...
PMID:Molecular phylogenetics of western North American frogs of the Rana boylii species group. 1128 98

Studies on the diurnal variations of nitrate reductase (NR) activity during the life cycle of synchronized Chlorella sorokiniana cells grown with a 7:5 light-dark cycle showed that the NADH:NR activity, as well as the NR partial activities NADH:cytochrome c reductase and reduced methyl viologen:NR, closely paralleled the appearance and disappearance of NR protein as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and immunoblots. Results of pulse-labeling experiments with [35S]methionine further confirmed that diurnal variations of the enzyme activities can be entirely accounted for by the concomitant synthesis and degradation of the NR protein.
...
PMID:Synthesis and degradation of nitrate reductase during the cell cycle of Chlorella sorokiniana. 1153 47

The gene coding for expression of an endogenous soluble fusion protein comprising a b-type cytochrome-containing domain and a FAD-containing domain has been cloned from rat liver mRNA. The 1461-bp hemoflavoprotein gene corresponded to a protein of 493 residues with the heme- and FAD-containing domains comprising the amino and carboxy termini of the protein, respectively. Sequence analysis indicated the heme and flavin domains were directly analogous to the corresponding domains in microsomal cytochrome b(5) (cb5) and cytochrome b(5) reductase (cb5r), respectively. The full-length fusion protein was purified to homogeneity and demonstrated to contain both heme and FAD prosthetic groups by spectroscopic analyses and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The cb5/cb5r fusion protein was able to utilize both NADPH and NADH as reductants and exhibited both NADPH:ferricyanide (k(cat) = 21.7 s(-1), K(NADPH)(m) = 1 microM. K(FeCN6)(m) = 8 microM) and NADPH:cytochrome c (k(cat) = 8.3 s(-1), K(NADPH)(m) = 1 microM. K(cyt c)(m) = 7 microM) reductase activities with a preference for NADPH as the reduced pyridine nucleotide substrate. NADPH-reduction was stereospecific for transfer of the 4R-proton and involved a hydride transfer mechanism with a kinetic isotope effect of 3.1 for NADPH/NADPD. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to examine the role of two conserved histidine residues, H62 and H85, in the heme domain segment. Substitution of either residue by alanine or methionine resulted in the production of simple flavoproteins that were effectively devoid of both heme and NAD(P)H:cytochrome c reductase activity while retaining NAD(P)H:ferricyanide activity, confirming that the former activity required a functional heme domain. These results have demonstrated that the rat cb5/cb5r fusion protein is homologous to the human variant and has identified the heme and FAD as the sites of interaction with cytochrome c and ferricyanide, respectively. Mutagenesis has confirmed the identity of both axial heme ligands which are equivalent to the corresponding residues in microsomal cytochrome b(5).
...
PMID:Heterologous expression of an endogenous rat cytochrome b(5)/cytochrome b(5) reductase fusion protein: identification of histidines 62 and 85 as the heme axial ligands. 1191 72


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>

---