Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:1.6.99.3 (diaphorase)
5,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

For many liver malignancies, major hepatectomy is the usual therapy. Although a normal liver has a tremendous capacity for regeneration, liver hepatectomy in humans is usually carried out on a diseased liver and, in such cases, liver regeneration takes place in a cirrhotic remnant. Mitochondrial function in cirrhotic livers shows a variety of changes compared to control livers. This study investigated how mitochondrial respiratory function and antioxidant capacity change following partial hepatectomy of cirrhotic livers, because liver regeneration requires greater energy demands and control of oxidative stress. Cirrhosis was induced in male Wistar-Furth rats by administration of thioacetamide. NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity, mitochondrial glutathione peroxidase activity and mitochondrial GSH levels were all significantly lowered in cirrhotic livers and in the cirrhotic remnants up to 72 h after 70% hepatectomy when compared to the corresponding controls. Lower respiratory control ratios with succinate as substrate were also observed from 6 to 48 h post-hepatectomy. At 24 h post-hepatectomy, higher levels of lipid peroxidation were observed. We conclude that, compared to the controls, cirrhotic livers have diminished oxidative phosphorylation capabilities due to changes in NADH and FADH(2)-linked respiration as well as impaired antioxidant defenses following partial hepatectomy. Both of these factors, if critical, could then impede liver regeneration.
...
PMID:Mitochondrial respiratory function and antioxidant capacity in normal and cirrhotic livers following partial hepatectomy. 1474

We investigated the hypothesis that thallium (Tl) interactions with the glutathione-dependent antioxidant defence system could contribute to the oxidative stress associated with Tl toxicity. Working in vitro with reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR) or glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in solution, we studied the effects of Tl+ and Tl3+ (1-25 microM) on: (a) the amount of free GSH, investigating whether the metal binds to GSH and/or oxidizes it; (b) the activity of the enzyme GR, that catalyzes GSH regeneration; and (c) the enzyme GPx, that reduces hydroperoxide at expense of GSH oxidation. We found that, while Tl+ had no effect on GSH concentration, Tl3+ oxidized it. Both cations inhibited the reduction of GSSG by GR and the diaphorase activity of this enzyme. In addition, Tl3+ per se oxidized NADPH, the cofactor of GR. The effects of Tl on GPx activity depended on the metal charge: Tl+ inhibited GPx when cumene hydroperoxide (CuOOH) was the substrate, while Tl(3+)-mediated GPx inhibition occurred with both substrates. The present results show that Tl interacts with all the components of GSH/GSSG antioxidant defence system. Alterations of this protective pathway could be partially responsible for the oxidative stress associated with Tl toxicity.
...
PMID:In vitro interactions of thallium with components of the glutathione-dependent antioxidant defence system. 1562 16

The possibility that Tl(OH)3, the main Tl3+ specie present in water solutions, could interfere with the normal functioning of the glutathione-dependent antioxidant defense system was investigated. For this purpose, we used both the purified components of this system and rat brain cytosolic fractions. Tl(OH)3 (1-25 microM) significantly decreased the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in both experimental systems, caused by GSH oxidation. In the same range of concentrations Tl(OH)3 inhibited glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in both models, using cumene hydroperoxide as the substrate. No alterations in the capacity of GPx activity to metabolize H2O2 were observed. Both in purified GR as well as in the cytosolic fraction, Tl(OH)3 (1-5 microM) inhibited GR activity, with a partial recovery of the activity at higher concentrations. While Tl(OH)3 inhibited the GR diaphorase activity of purified GR, in a concentration (1-25 microM) dependent manner, this effect was only observed in the cytosolic fractions at the highest concentration assessed (25 microM). Results indicate that, similarly to previous findings for Tl+ and Tl3+, Tl(OH)3 also alters the glutathione-dependent antioxidant defense system. The observed alterations of this important antioxidant protective pathway by the major Tl3+ specie in water solutions could be one mechanism involved in the oxidative stress associated to Tl-intoxication.
...
PMID:Glutathione metabolism is impaired in vitro by thallium(III) hydroxide. 1566 76

White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is the major viral pathogen of culture shrimp. Although remarkable progress has been made in characterizing the WSSV genome, information concerning the antiviral process of host is still limited. To identify the genes differentially expressed along with their expression profile in the hemocytes of the virus-resistant shrimp, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and differential hybridization (DH) were employed. Relying on the sequences identified in the subtractive cDNA library, 30 genes were characterized to be involved in the antiviral process as defense-relevant, among them, 22 are found for the first time in penaeid shrimp. The most interesting finding is that the interferon-like protein (IntlP) and (2'-5') oligo(A) synthetase-like protein (data not shown) known as the antiviral factors showed increased expression in virus-resistant shrimp and the non-specific antiviral activity of IntlP protein was verified by cytotoxicity experiment. A number of proteins with certain similarities to the components of the complement and cytokines system in vertebrates were also found in the subtracted library. The high expression of redox-related factors (NADH dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase and transcription factor AP-1 precursor), plasma defensive protein (C-type lectin and laminin-like protein) and translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) in the virus-resistant shrimp suggested that they are essential components participating in the antiviral process. Our work provides a wide array of genes differentially expressed in the virus-resistant shrimp, and a framework for further studies aimed at antiviral mechanism in shrimp.
...
PMID:Differential profile of genes expressed in hemocytes of White Spot Syndrome Virus-resistant shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) by combining suppression subtractive hybridization and differential hybridization. 1578 Nov 31

The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSP) as well as of succinate dehydrogenase (SDG), NADH dehydrogenase (NDG) and fumarate hydratase (FHT) were examined in relation to mitochondrial ultrastructure changes in Aspergillus niger exposed to N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)dodecylamine (Apd) that was shown to exhibit fungicidal activity. There was a progressive increase in SOD, CAT and GSP activities 1 and 4 h after 0.05 and 0.1 % Apd application. However, this was followed by a pronounced activity decrease when 0.05 % Apd treatment was prolonged by 1 d. The destructive effect on fungal morphology was observed when this fungicidal agent was applied at the concentration of 0.1 % for 1 d. In the treated hyphae mitochondria degenerated after all organelles. The morphological malformations of mitochondria had an impact on their metabolic state; however, the activities of SDG, NDG and FHT were affected to a different extent. In A. niger the fungicidal effect of Apd could be mediated by oxidative stress impairing the vital mitochondria-related cellular functions.
...
PMID:Effects of N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)dodecylamine on antioxidant enzyme activities, mitochondrial morphology and metabolism in Aspergillus niger. 1682 10

Mitochondria are an important intracellular source and target of reactive oxygen species. The life span of a species is thought to be determined, in part, by the rate of mitochondrial damage inflicted by oxygen free radicals during the course of normal cellular metabolism. In the present study, we have investigated the protective effect of squalene supplementation for 15 days and 30 days on energy status and antioxidant defense system in liver mitochondria of 18 young and 18 aged rats. The dietary supplementation of 2% squalene significantly minimized aging associated alterations in mitochondrial energy status by maintaining the activities of TCA cycle enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase) and respiratory marker enzymes (NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome-c-oxidase) at higher level in the liver mitochondria of aged rats compared with unsupplemented controls. It exerted an antioxidant effect by inhibiting mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) in liver of young and aged rats. Supplementation with squalene also maintained the mitochondrial antioxidant defense system at higher rate by increasing the level of reduced glutathione and the activities of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase) and antiperoxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in the liver of young and aged rats. The results of this study provide evidence that dietary supplementation with squalene can improve liver mitochondrial function during aging and minimize the age-associated disorders in which reactive oxygen species are a major cause.
...
PMID:Protective effect of dietary squalene supplementation on mitochondrial function in liver of aged rats. 1757 27

The modulatory efficacy of capsaicin on lung mitochondrial enzyme system with reference to mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidants, key citric acid cycle enzymes and respiratory chain enzymes during benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) induced lung cancer in Swiss albino mice was studied. Elevations in mitochondrial LPO along with decrements in enzymic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)), non-enzymic antioxidants (reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin A), citric acid cycle enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH)), and respiratory chain enzymes (NADH dehydrogenase and Cytochrome c oxidase) were observed in B(a)P (50mg/kg body weight) administered animals. CAP (10mg/kg body weight) pretreatment decreased lung mitochondrial LPO and augmented the activities of enzymic, non-enzymic antioxidants, citric acid cycle enzymes and respiratory chain enzymes to near normalcy revealing its chemoprotective function during B(a)P induced lung cancer.
...
PMID:Stabilization of pulmonary mitochondrial enzyme system by capsaicin during benzo(a)pyrene induced experimental lung cancer. 1802 35

The mechanism of free radical production by complex I deficiency is ill-defined, although it is of significant contemporary interest. This study studied the ROS production and antioxidant defenses in children with mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase deficiency. ROS production has remained significantly elevated in patients compared to controls. The expression of all antioxidant enzymes significantly increased at mRNA level. However, the enzyme activities did not correlate with high mRNA or protein expression. Only the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was found to correlate with higher mRNA expression in patient derived cell lines. The activities of the enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were significantly reduced in patients (p<0.05 or p<0.01). Glutathione reductase (GR) activity and intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels were not changed. Decreased enzyme activities could be due to post-translational or oxidative modification of ROS scavenging enzymes. The information on the status of ROS and marking the alteration of ROS scavenging enzymes in peripheral lymphocytes or lymphoblast cell lines will provide a better way to design antioxidant therapies for such disorders.
...
PMID:Analysis of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defenses in complex I deficient patients revealed a specific increase in superoxide dismutase activity. 1855 9

Naringenin is a flavanone that is believed to have many biological actions, including as an anti-oxidant, free radical scavenger and an antiproliferative agent. The global incidence of gastric carcinoma is increasing rapidly, more than for any other cancer. Therefore, in the present study, we tested the effects of naringenin on gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and saturated sodium chloride (S-NaCl) in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups and treated over a period of 20 weeks as follows: (i) a control group given corn oil (1 mL/rat, p.o.) daily 20 weeks; (ii) 200 mg/kg, p.o., MNNG on Days 0 and 14 with S-NaCl (1 mL/rat) administered twice a week for the first 3 weeks; (iii) 200 mg/kg, p.o., MNNG on Days 0 and 14, with naringenin (200 mg/kg, p.o., daily) treatment for the entire 20 weeks; (iv) 200 mg/kg, p.o., MNNG on Days 0 and 14, with naringenin treatment (200 mg/kg, p.o., daily) initiated from 6 to 20 weeks; (v) 200 mg/kg, p.o., naringenin alone daily for 20 weeks. In Group II rats in which gastric cancer was inducted with MNNG and S-NaCl, there was a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation levels, with decreases in reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. In addition, in Group II rats with gastric cancer, there were significant increases in the activity of cytochrome P450, cytochrome b(5) and NADPH cytochrome c reductase, with concomitant decreases in the activity of the phase II enzymes glutathione S-transferase and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase. Naringenin treatment (Groups III and IV) restored enzyme activity to near control levels. These results indicate that naringenin has a chemopreventive action against MNNG-induced gastric carcinoma in experimental rats.
...
PMID:Modulatory effect of naringenin on N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine- and saturated sodium chloride-induced gastric carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats. 1856 95

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are chemicals of environmental concern due to their lipophilic, persistent and bioaccumulable characteristics as well as for their potential endocrine disrupting role. Former studies carried out in a tributary of the Cinca river (Ebro basin, NE Spain) revealed high levels of PBDEs in fish due to the discharges of effluents rich in PBDEs coming from a nearby industrial park in Barbastro. In this study, several biomarkers of pollutants exposure were measured in barbel, Barbus graellsii, before (upstream) and after (downstream) the main industrial site (Barbastro) in the Vero river. The results evidenced an enhanced hepatic phase I and II metabolism (measured as reductases, glutathione S transferase and uridinediphospho-glucuronosyltransferase), and of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase. Conversely, fishes collected from downstream reaches had their phase I CYP1A dependent ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, antioxidant diaphorase and brain cholinesterase activities depleted. In addition, the histological study of the liver and kidney of these fish evidenced an increase of the number and size of macrophage aggregates in most individuals collected downstream. Bivariate correlated analyses showed that the above mentioned biomarkers were correlated to measured PBDE congeners, thus indicating that the observed biological effects were unlikely to be related to other environmental factors than PBDEs. Overall, the measured biochemical and histological markers provide new evidence that in field exposed fish, PBDEs levels were associated with high activities of phase I and II metabolic enzymes, oxidative stress in liver, neurotoxicity in brain and histopathological effects in both liver and kidney.
...
PMID:First evidence of polybrominated diphenyl ether (flame retardants) effects in feral barbel from the Ebro River basin (NE, Spain). 1859 16


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 Next >>

---