Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.6.99.3 (diaphorase)
 5,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mitomycin C (MC) is a naturally occurring anticancer agent which has been shown to be more cytotoxic to hypoxic tumor cells than to their aerobic counterparts. The mechanism of action of this agent is thought to involve biological reductive activation, to a species that alkylates DNA. A comparison of the cytotoxicity of MC to EMT6 tumor cells with that of the structural analogues porfiromycin (PM), N-(N',N'-dimethylaminomethylene)amine analogue of mitomycin C (BMY-25282), and N-(N',N'-dimethylaminomethylene)amine analogue of porfiromycin (BL-6783) has demonstrated that PM is considerably less cytotoxic to aerobic EMT6 cells than MC, whereas BMY-25282 and BL-6783 are significantly more toxic. The relative abilities of each of these compounds to generate oxygen free radicals following biological activation were measured. Tumor cell sonicates, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome c reductase, xanthine oxidase, and mitochondria were used as the biological reducing systems. All four mitomycin antibiotics produced oxygen radicals following biological reduction, a process that may account for the aerobic cytotoxicity of agents of this class. The generation of relative amounts of superoxide and hydroxyl radical were also measured in EMT6 cell sonicates. BMY-25282 and BL-6783 produced significantly greater quantities of oxygen free radicals with the EMT6 cell sonicate, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome c reductase, and mitochondria than did MC and PM. In contrast, BMY-25282 and BL-6783 did not generate detectable levels of free radicals in the presence of xanthine oxidase, whereas this enzyme was capable of generating free radicals with MC and PM as substrates. MC consistently produced greater amounts of free radicals than PM with all of the reducing systems. BMY-25282, BL-6783, and MC all generated hydroxyl radicals, while PM did not appear to form these radicals. The findings indicate that a correlation exists between the ability of the mitomycin antibiotics to generate oxygen radicals and their cytotoxicity to aerobic EMT6 tumor cells.
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PMID:Generation of reactive oxygen radicals through bioactivation of mitomycin antibiotics. 301 Dec 50

Mitomycin C (MC), a clinically used natural antitumor agent, was shown to form three monoconjugates (11a-13a) and two bisconjugates (14a, 15a) with GSH upon reductive activation by rat liver microsomes, purified NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, or NADH-cytochrome c reductase or chemical reduction using H2/PtO2. Rat liver cytosol/NADH activated MC only at acidic pH (5.8), resulting in the formation of a single GSH-MC monoconjugate, 13a. The reductase responsible for cytosolic activation of MC to form this conjugate was DT-diaphorase. GSH itself did not reduce MC, and unreduced MC did not form conjugates with GSH. A moderate catalytic effect by glutathione S-transferase was demonstrated on the cytosol-activated reaction. Mercaptoethanol and N-acetylcysteine gave analogous sets of five MC-thiol conjugates under cytochrome c reductase or H2/PtO2 activation conditions. The structures of all 15 MC-thiol conjugates (five each with GSH, mercaptoethanol, and N-acetylcysteine, respectively) were determined, using 1H-NMR, UV, and mass spectroscopies, combined with analytical chemical and radiolabeling methods. The mechanism of formation of the conjugates features SN2 displacement of the carbamate of the reduced MC by GS-. The MC-GSH conjugates were noncytotoxic to the tumor cells tested. The conjugation of GSH with activated MC is likely to represent detoxication in mammalian cells. As another effect, GSH accelerates the rate of reduction of MC by "slow" reducing agents such as cytochrome c reductases and H2/PtO2. A mechanism is proposed to explain this effect, which involves further reduction of the initially formed MC semiquinone free radical by GSH.
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PMID:Conjugation of glutathione and other thiols with bioreductively activated mitomycin C. Effect of thiols on the reductive activation rate. 807 71

Mitomycin C (MC), a clinically used antitumor antibiotic, is known to alkylate DNA monofunctionally, and to generate DNA interstrand cross-links by bifunctional alkylation. Both processes are dependent on the reductive activation of MC. Glutathione (GSH) was shown here to cause three types of changes in the pattern of alkylation of DNA by MC: (i) GSH caused a decrease of both the overall covalent binding ratio of MC to Micrococcus luteus DNA and the extent of interstrand cross-linking of 32P-pBR322 DNA, as the concentration of GSH was increased in the reaction media. Approximately 50% inhibition of cross-linking was observed at 20 mM GSH. It is likely that the inhibition is caused by the formation of MC-GSH conjugates competing with DNA alkylation, since both processes are triggered by reductive activation of MC [Sharma, M., and Tomasz, M. (1994) Chem. Res. Toxicol. (preceding paper in this issue)]. (ii) GSH causes a switch from monofunctional to bifunctional activation of MC by the prototype "monofunctional" MC-activating agents H2/PtO2 and NADPH:cytochrome c reductase/NADPH. This was seen by the predominance of bisadducts (i.e., cross-linked adducts) instead of the usual monoadducts in the enzymatic digests of MC-DNA complexes formed in the presence of GSH, as analyzed by HPLC. This finding suggests that GSH participates in the bifunctional activation of MC in vivo. (iii) A ternary MC-GSH-DNA adduct (6) was formed in the presence of GSH both with M. luteus DNA and with a synthetic duplex oligonucleotide; in this adduct the mitosene C1 is linked to N2 of guanine and the mitosene C10 is linked to GSH via sulfur.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of glutathione on alkylation and cross-linking of DNA by mitomycin C. Isolation of a ternary glutathione-mitomycin-DNA adduct. 807 72

Mitomycin C (MMC), an alkylating anti-tumor agent, was activated by non-enzymatic and enzymatic mechanisms leading to DNA binding and adduct formation. However, it was enzymatically, not non-enzymatically, activated MMC which induced inter-strand DNA cross-linking, a major determinant of cell death. The enzymatic activation of MMC was catalyzed by microsomal NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase (P450 reductase) and cytosolic enzyme activities. Human P450 reductase, transiently expressed from its cDNA in the COSI cells, metabolically activated MMC to generate 9 specific MMC-DNA adducts and induced inter-strand DNA cross-linking. Co-chromatography of the MMC-DNA adducts generated by P450 reductase and sodium borohydride in separate experiments indicated that MMC was metabolized by P450 reductase to produce 2,7-diaminomitosenes that exhibited binding to deoxyguanosine. Several experiments indicated that cytosolic enzymes which catalyzed reductive activation of MMC and DNA cross-linking included NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductaseI (NQOI or DT diaphorase) when present in extremely high concentrations and a unique cytosolic activity. The unique cytosolic activity was present in several mammalian cells and mouse colon and liver but absent in mouse kidney. The unique activity had properties of a diaphorase but was distinct from NQOI because of a lack of correlation between NQOI (2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol reduction) activity and the amount of MMC-reductive activation leading to DNA cross-linking. This activity was also distinct from xanthine oxidoreductase and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, 2 other enzymes that catalyze metabolic activation of MMC, because the unique activity was not inhibited by allopurinol (an inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase) and its activity was the same with NADH and NADPH (cytochrome b5 reductase is specific to NADH).
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PMID:Non-enzymatic and enzymatic activation of mitomycin C: identification of a unique cytosolic activity. 856 27

Mitomycin C (MC) was reductively activated by DT-diaphorase [DTD; NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase] from rat liver carcinoma cells in the presence of Micrococcus lysodeicticus DNA at pH 5.8 and 7.4. The resulting alkylated MC-DNA complexes were digested to the nucleoside level and the covalent MC-nucleoside adducts were separated, identified, and quantitatively analyzed by HPLC. In analogous experiments, two other flavoreductases, NADH-cytochrome c reductase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, as well as two chemical reductive activating agents Na2S2O4 and H2/PtO2 were employed as activators for the alkylation of DNA by MC. DTD as well as all the other activators generated the four known major guanine-N2-MC adducts at both pHs. In addition, at the lower pH, the guanine-N7-linked adducts of 2,7-diaminomitosene were detectable in the adduct patterns. At a given pH all the enzymatic and chemical reducing agents generated very similar adduct patterns which, however, differed dramatically at the acidic as compared to the neutral pH. Overall yield of MC adducts was 3-4-fold greater at pH 7.4 than at 5. 8 except in the case of DTD when it was 4-fold lower. Without exception, however, cross-link adduct yields were greater at the acidic pH (2-10-fold within the series). The ratio of adducts of bifunctional activation to those of monofunctional activation was 6-20-fold higher at the acidic as compared to the neutral pH. A comprehensive mechanism of the alkylation of DNA by activated MC was derived from the DNA adduct analysis which complements earlier model studies of the activation of MC. The mechanism consists of three competing activation pathways yielding three different DNA-reactive electrophiles 11, 12, and 17 which generate three unique sets of DNA adducts as endproducts. The relative amounts of these adducts are diagnostic of the relative rates of the competing pathways in vitro, and most likely, in vivo. Factors that influence the relative rates of individual pathways were identified.
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PMID:Mitomycin C-DNA adducts generated by DT-diaphorase. Revised mechanism of the enzymatic reductive activation of mitomycin C. 936 85