Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.6.99.3 (diaphorase)
 5,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of adenosine A(1) receptors (A(1)AR) have demonstrated metabolic and functional tolerance to myocardial ischemia. We utilized cDNA microarrays to test the hypothesis that the cardioprotective mechanism(s) of A(1) overexpression involves altered gene expression. Total RNA extracted from the left ventricles from A(1) transgenic (n = 4) and wild-type (n = 6) mice was hybridized to Affymetrix mgU74A chips. Comparison of RNA expression levels in transgenic to wild-type myocardium revealed approximately 636 known genes with expression significantly altered by greater than 25%. We observed increased expressions of genes including NADH dehydrogenase, the GLUT4 glucose transporter, Na-K-ATPase, sarcolemmal K(ATP) channels, and Bcl-xl in A(1)AR-overexpressing hearts. We also observed decreased expression of pro-apoptotic genes including a 50% reduction in message level of caspase-8. Protein expression of GLUT4 and caspase-8 was also altered comparable to the differences in gene expression. These data illustrate genes with chronically altered patterns of expression in A(1) transgenic mouse myocardium that may be related to adenosine receptor overexpression-mediated cardioprotection.
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PMID:Gene expression profile of mouse myocardium with transgenic overexpression of A1 adenosine receptors. 1238 87

It is well known that glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) decreases after exercise training. In the present study, we investigated the effects of exercise training (9 weeks of running) on the activity of glucokinase (GK), the production of nitric oxide (NO), and the protein expressions of both glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) and NO synthase (NOS) in rat pancreatic islets. Exercise training significantly reduced GSIS, with decreases in GK activity and GLUT-2 protein expression. The NO releases and cGMP contents were higher in the islets of trained rats than in those of control rats. Exercise training enhanced cNOS activity, the protein expression of both neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and calmodulin, and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity in the homogenates of islets. Thus, exercise training-induced reduction of GSIS would result from, at least in part, decreases in both glucose entry and the first step in glycolytic utilization of glucose. Moreover, exercise training could enhance the protein expression of nNOS, which in turn enhances two catalytic activities of nNOS, an NO production and a cytochrome c reductase activity.
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PMID:Enhanced expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in islets of exercise-trained rats. 1468 Aug 35

A nonradioisotope, 96-well-microplate assay to evaluate glucose uptake activity in cultured cells has been developed. 2-Deoxyglucose (2DG) was detected by measuring a potent fluorophore, resorufin, generated after incubation with a single assay solution containing hexokinase, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, beta-nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, diaphorase, and resazurin. This amplifying detection system could detect the fluorescence intensity induced by uptake of 2DG into L6 skeletal muscle cells, even at the level of cells cultivated in individual wells in a 96-well microplate. Using this assay system, the effects of insulin, cytochalasin B (hexose uptake inhibitor), LY294002 (inhibitor of glucose transporter translocation), and pioglitazone hydrochloride (insulin-sensitizing agent) on 2DG uptake into L6 myotubes could be assessed clearly. Therefore, our simple method may be useful for in vitro high-throughput screening and for evaluating regulators of glucose uptake.
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PMID:A nonradioisotope, enzymatic assay for 2-deoxyglucose uptake in L6 skeletal muscle cells cultured in a 96-well microplate. 1644 89

Frogs have been used as an alternative model to study pain mechanisms. Since we did not find any reports on the effects of sciatic nerve transection (SNT) on the ultrastructure and pattern of metabolic substances in frog dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, in the present study, 18 adult male frogs (Rana catesbeiana) were divided into three experimental groups: naive (frogs not subjected to surgical manipulation), sham (frogs in which all surgical procedures to expose the sciatic nerve were used except transection of the nerve), and SNT (frogs in which the sciatic nerve was exposed and transected). After 3 days, the bilateral DRG of the sciatic nerve was collected and used for transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect reactivity for glucose transporter (Glut) types 1 and 3, tyrosine hydroxylase, serotonin and c-Fos, as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-diaphorase). SNT induced more mitochondria with vacuolation in neurons, satellite glial cells (SGCs) with more cytoplasmic extensions emerging from cell bodies, as well as more ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, intermediate filaments and mitochondria. c-Fos immunoreactivity was found in neuronal nuclei. More neurons and SGCs surrounded by tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity were found. No change occurred in serotonin- and Glut1- and Glut3-like immunoreactivity. NADPH-diaphorase occurred in more neurons and SGCs. No sign of SGC proliferation was observed. Since the changes of frog DRG in response to nerve injury are similar to those of mammals, frogs should be a valid experimental model for the study of the effects of SNT, a condition that still has many unanswered questions.
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PMID:Effects of sciatic nerve transection on ultrastructure, NADPH-diaphorase reaction and serotonin-, tyrosine hydroxylase-, c-Fos-, glucose transporter 1- and 3-like immunoreactivities in frog dorsal root ganglion. 2373 44