Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.99.3 (diaphorase)
5,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. This report describes selected histochemical and physiological properties of the motor units of adult cat soleus muscle approximately one year after self- and cross-reinnervation with the nerve of the heterogenous flexor hallucis longus (f.h.l.). Self-reinnervated f.h.l. motor units are also considered. Whole muscles were tested for fibre reaction to alkaline pre-incubated ATPase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase (NADH-D). Motor units were isolated and studied by splitting the ventral root in acute preparations.2. The histochemical fibre type profile in the self-reinnervated muscle was comparable to normal muscle as was mean twitch contraction time, twitch-tetanus ratio and fatigue index. The mean tetanic tension of the soleus self- and cross-reinnervated motor units appeared close to a normal soleus whereas the mean tetanic tension of the f.h.l. self-reinnervated units was significantly less than a normal f.h.l.3. An average of 14% of the fibres of the soleus cross-reinnervated muscles had high ATPase and a alpha-GPD staining intensity in contrast to normal and self-reinnervated soleus in which such fibres are absent. Thus alkaline lability of myofibrillar ATPase increased in some fibres of what was originally a homogeneous population. The small increase in the number of densely staining fibres for ATPase at an alkaline pH (14%) was associated with a 73% decrease in (mean) contraction time (41 +/- 11 ms) of the thirty-three cross-reinnervated muscle units studied, with no unit's contraction time greater than 60 ms. Mean contraction times for the self-reinnervated soleus and f.h.l. muscles were 78 +/- 31 ms and 27 +/- 8 ms respectively.4. All fibres of the soleus cross-reinnervated muscles showed intense reaction to NADH-D, as was true of self-reinnervated soleus. This staining pattern is typical of normal soleus. In concordance, these motor units consistently demonstrated a high resistance to fatigue when stimulated for a four-minute period.5. These results suggest that in the adult self-and cross-reinnervated soleus muscle, there is some active mechanism which regulates the eventual size of motor units as reflected by tetanic tension.6. Change in contraction time from that typical for a soleus unit to that similar to an f.h.l. unit remains incomplete one year after cross-reinnervation. Within this time this partial change in single motor units reflects incomplete neural control of this property rather than a mixture of self- and foreign-innervation.7. A greater degree of independence from neural control to conversion of the histochemically demonstrated myofibrillar ATPase activity exists than is the case for contraction time.
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PMID:Histochemical and physiological properties of cat motor units after self-and cross-reinnervation. 715 31

Thirty adrenal glands from patients with adreno-leukodystrophy (ALD) have been studied by light microscopy, three by enzyme histochemistry, three by electron microscopy and two by tissue culture. Cytoplasmic ballooning and striations result from proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and accumulations of lamellar-lipid profiles and clear clefts (crystalloids). Striated adrenocortical cells, the only pathognomonic adrenal lesion in ALD, display cytoplasmic lamellae, decreased amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and depression of several enzymes (alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and TPNH diaphorase). The striated cells also demonstrate decreased ability to adapt to changes in microenvironment, both in vivo and in vitro. A blunted response by striated cells to focal peripheral cytolysis leads to cytoplasmic erosion, atrophy and macrovacuoles. ACTH has a pivotal role in the evolution of these lesions. We propose that the pathognomonic lamellae of ALD basically represent bilayers or bimolecular leaflets of very long chain saturated fatty acids, while lamellar-lipid profiles and clefts contain cholesterol esterified to these abnormal fatty acids. The similarity of lamellar-lipid profiles of ALD to cytoplasmic lesions induced by long chain saturated fatty acids suggests that the very long chain saturated fatty acids isolated in ALD are cytotoxic and are responsible for adrenocortical cell dysfunction in this disease.
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PMID:A correlative study of the adrenal cortex in adreno-leukodystrophy--evidence for a fatal intoxication with very long chain saturated fatty acids. 746 18

A description is provided of the fiber-type composition of several hindlimb muscles of the adult turtle, Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans. In addition, cross-section areas of each fiber type and an estimation of the relative (weighted) cross-section area (wCSA) occupied by the different fiber types are also provided. Seven muscles were selected for study, based on their suitability for future neurophysiological analysis as components of the segmental motor system, and on their homologies with muscles in other vertebrates. The test muscles were iliofibularis (ILF), ambiens (AMB), external gastrocnemius (EG), extensor digitorum communis (EDC), flexor digitorum longus (FDL), tibialis anterior (TA), and peroneus anterior (PA). Serial sections of these muscles were stained for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), NADH-diaphorase, and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH), thereby enabling fiber-type classification on the basis of indirect markers for contraction speed and oxidative (aerobic) vs. glycolytic (anaerobic) metabolism. All muscles contained three fiber types: slow oxidative (SO; possibly including some non-twitch tonic fibers); fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG); and fast glycolytic (Fg). There were at least 30% FOG and 50% FOG + Fg fibers in the seven muscles, the extreme distributions being the predominantly glycolytic ILF vs. the predominantly oxidative FDL muscle (ILF--15.5% SO, 35.2% FOG, 49.3% Fg vs. FDL--49.1% SO, 41.1% FOG, 9.8% Fg). As in other species, the test muscles exhibited varying degrees of regional concentration (compartmentalization) of the different fiber types. This feature was most striking in ILF. Pronounced compartmentalization was also observed in AMB, EG, PA, TA, and EDC, whereas the distribution of fiber types in the highly oxidative FDL was homogeneous. In five of the seven muscles, fiber size was ranked with Fg > FOG > SO. In terms of wCSA, which provides a coarse-grain measure of the different fiber types' potential contribution to whole muscle peak force, all muscles exhibited a higher Fg and lower SO contribution to cross-section area than suggested by their corresponding fiber-type composition. The largest relative increase in wCSA vs. fiber-type composition were in the ILF and AMB muscles. We conclude that the turtle hindlimb provides some interesting possibilities for testing for a division of labor among different muscles during different movements (e.g., sustained vs. ballistic), and for study of the behavior of the different fiber (and motor unit) types under normal and perturbed conditions. The relationships between the present results and previous findings on homologous muscles of the mammalian (cat, rat) and reptilian (lizard) hindlimb are discussed.
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PMID:Fiber-type composition of hindlimb muscles in the turtle, Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans. 766 37

The objective of this study was to explore the possible cause(s) underlying the previously observed, age-related increase in the rate of mitochondrial H2O2 release in the housefly. The hypothesis that an imbalance between different respiratory complexes may be a causal factor was tested. Cytochrome c oxidase activity was found to sharply decline in the latter part of the life span of the flies. Effects of different substrates and respiratory inhibitors were determined in order to ascertain if a decrease in cytochrome c oxidase activity could be responsible for the increased H2O2 release. H2O2 was measured spectrofluorometrically using horseradish peroxidase and p-hydroxphenylacetate as an indicator. Neither NADH-linked substrates nor succinate caused a stimulation of H2O2 production. H2O2 release by mitochondria, inhibited with rotenone and antimycin A, was greatly increased upon supplementation with alpha-glycerophosphate; however, the further addition of KCN or myxothiazol, to such preparations, caused a depression of H2O2 generation. In contrast, relatively low concentrations of KCN or myxothiazol were found to stimulate H2O2 release in insect mitochondria supplemented with alpha-glycerophosphate and exposed to rotenone, but not antimycin A. Results are interpreted to suggest that partial inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase activity can lead to the stimulation of mitochondrial H2O2 production in the housefly at site(s) other than NADH dehydrogenase and ubisemiquinone/cytochrome b region; a possible source may be glycerophosphate dehydrogenase.
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PMID:Aging, cytochrome oxidase activity, and hydrogen peroxide release by mitochondria. 839 19

The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were classified in the rat on the basis of their metabolic enzyme properties as determined by quantitative analysis in histochemical staining. In particular, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-diaphorase (NADH-d) and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD) activities were examined on two serial sections from the same neurons in the lumbar (L4) DRG. The DRG neurons were classified into three groups based on the soma diameter distribution; small, intermediate and large size DRG neurons. The NADH-d activity showed a unimodal distribution in all size groups, while the alpha-GPD activity clearly showed a bimodal distribution in the intermediate and large size neurons, but not in the small size neurons.
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PMID:Metabolic properties of the sensory neurons in the rat dorsal root ganglion. 917 28

The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms of mitochondrial H2O2 generation in mouse organs by determining the nature of their differences in substrate utilization, inhibitor sensitivity, and the site specificity affecting H2O2 production. Mitochondria were isolated from heart, brain, and kidney and the rate of H2O2 generation was measured using the FADH-linked substrates succinate and alpha-glycerophosphate as well as the NADH-linked substrates pyruvate/malate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and glutamate. Respiratory inhibitors, antimycin and rotenone, were added singly and sequentially to each substrate-supported H2O2 generation reaction mixture to determine the mitochondrial site(s) of generation and the optimal condition(s) for maximal rates of generation. Succinate supported the highest rate of mitochondrial H2O2 generation. Moreover, it was the preferred substrate for the heart mitochondria. alpha-Glycerophosphate is a poor substrate for H2O2 generation in heart mitochondria. Inhibitor studies showed that heart mitochondria were the most sensitive and responsive to antimycin, while brain was the most sensitive to rotenone. A surprising finding was that NADH-linked substrate-supported H2O2 generation in kidney mitochondria was not responsive to rotenone. The contribution from each of the three sites (ubiquinone, NADH dehydrogenase, and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase) of mitochondrial H2O2 generation to the total was both substrate and organ dependent. Results indicate that assay conditions must be considered before comparisons of sites and rates of mitochondrial H2O2 generation among different organs can be made.
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PMID:Substrate and site specificity of hydrogen peroxide generation in mouse mitochondria. 946 28

Muscle biopsies for histochemical and ultrastructural analysis were obtained from seven critically ill patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of the "Domingo Luciani" Hospital, Caracas, Venezuela. The sample included two patients with sepsis of abdominal origin, and five that presented sepsis/MOFS, with renal, hepatic, and respiratory disturbances and muscular weakness. Sections were examined for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) after pre-incubation with both acid buffer (pH 4.37 and 4.6) and alkaline buffer (pH 10.3), for reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide diaphorase (NADHd), and for alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH). Sections were stained with hematoxilin and eosin to look for pathological changes and examined with a transmission electron microscope. Skeletal muscle of patients in early stage of sepsis showed a normal aspect with light microscopy, but at the ultrastructural level some of the fibres showed atrophy and some capillaries looked altered. Patients with sepsis/MOFS exhibited an evident muscle disorder with oedema, infiltrate, atrophy and segmental necrosis. All fibre types showed decrease in diameter; specially fibre types IIA and IIB. Intramuscular capillaries were thickened and occluded, indexes of capillarity were slightly reduced, and fibre oxidative activity was decreased. At ultrastructural level fibres showed severe atrophy, contractile system disorganization and segmental necrosis. Capillaries were also altered and the mononuclear cell infiltrate was abundant and represented by macrophages, lymphocytes and mastocytes.
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PMID:Histochemical and ultrastructural study of skeletal muscle in patients with sepsis and multiple organ failure syndrome (MOFS). 947 42

The localisation of diaphorase was visualised by light microscopy using the dye nitro blue tetrazolium and NADPH as substrates. Under appropriate conditions, diaphorase reduces this dye to a dark blue insoluble formazan. The enzyme was located at very low activity in many tissue and glandular structures of the deer, but at very much higher activity in sebaceous glands in the dermal velvet of the antler and skin, and in additional sebaceous gland-related structures in the ear canal, prepuce and tail (scent) gland. Within sebaceous glands, activity was greatest in the outermost layers of the acini, but decreased as the cells progressed and differentiated centripetally. There was little or no difference between the staining observed when NADH was used as a substrate, compared to NADPH. There was generalised staining (usually light) for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. However, this staining was not specifically localised to sebaceous glands and related structures, showing that the observed activity in these structures was due to a diaphorase that was distinct from any of the dehydrogenase activities tested. The possible role of diaphorase in sebaceous development and secretion is discussed.
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PMID:Diaphorase activity in sebaceous glands and related structures of the male red deer. 1042 9

The neuromotor pattern (i.e. the onset/offset of muscle contraction within the locomotor cycle) is conserved for some homologous muscles of the tetrapod shoulder but not others in the transition from terrestrial locomotion to flight. Here we test for three shoulder muscles of the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) to determine whether retention of, or deviation from, a conserved neuromotor pattern can be predicted on the basis of the location of the muscle's motor nucleus within the motor column and the histochemical profile of its constituent muscle fibers. The M. supracoracoideus, the major wing elevator, illustrates a neuromotor pattern that has shifted in its timing within the limb movement cycle. Of the two heads of the triceps, the electrical activity pattern of M. humerotriceps is conserved during the transition, whereas that of the M. scapulotriceps is not. We reacted serial sections of each muscle for myosin adenosine triphosphotase (ATPase), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase (NADH-D), and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD) to characterize all muscles into two fiber types: fast glycolytic (FG) and fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG). We used retrograde axonal tracers to determine the longitudinal distribution and topographical organization of the motoneurons within the motor column in the spinal cord. The histochemical profile of each muscle studied is unique and is statistically different from its homologue in non-avian tetrapods. Compared to non-avian tetrapods, the spatial location of the motor nucleus of the supracoracoideus is conserved. The topology of the two heads of the triceps is fundamentally conserved relative to the other test muscles, but relative to one another there is some spatial segregation which might reflect their respective functional specializations. These data indicate that an evolutionary change in neuromotor pattern can occur without a corresponding topological reorganization of a muscle's motor nucleus within the motor column. Nor can the histochemical profile of homologous muscles be used to predict their neuromotor pattern in the transition from terrestrial locomotion to flight. These findings suggest that evolutionary change in neuromotor outflow relates to altered synaptic input from supraspinal or segmental sources or by alteration of factors intrinsic to individual motoneurons.
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PMID:Neuromuscular correlates to the evolution of flapping flight in birds. 1083 79

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the two most important systems for conveying excess cytosolic NADH to the mitochondrial respiratory chain are external NADH dehydrogenase (Nde1p/Nde2p) and the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase shuttle. In the latter system, NADH is oxidized to NAD+ and dihydroxyacetone phosphate is reduced to glycerol 3-phosphate by the cytosolic Gpd1p; glycerol 3-phosphate gives two electrons to the respiratory chain via mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gut2p)-regenerating dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Both Nde1p/Nde2p and Gut2p are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane with catalytic sites facing the intermembranal space. In this study, we showed kinetic interactions between these two enzymes. First, deletion of either one of the external dehydrogenases caused an increase in the efficiency of the remaining enzyme. Second, the activation of NADH dehydrogenase inhibited the Gut2p in such a manner that, at a saturating concentration of NADH, glycerol 3-phosphate is not used as respiratory substrate. This effect was not a consequence of a direct action of NADH on Gut2p activity because both NADH dehydrogenase and its substrate were needed for Gut2p inhibition. This kinetic regulation of the activity of an enzyme as a function of the rate of another having a similar physiological function may be allowed by their association into the same supramolecular complex in the inner membrane. The physiological consequences of this regulation are discussed.
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PMID:Kinetic regulation of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by the external NADH dehydrogenase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 1203 56


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