Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.6.99.3 (diaphorase)
 5,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the biochemical changes in the myocardial cell using cardioplegia supplemented with creatine phosphate (CP). Many previous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effect of CP on the ischemic myocardium and its mechanism of action has been assumed to be mainly extracellular. Based on the assumption that CP could also exert some influence on myocardial cellular metabolism, this investigation was carried out. Forty patients undergoing mitral valve replacement were divided into two groups: group 1 was treated with standard cardioplegic solution, and group 2 was treated with cardioplegic solution enriched with CP at a concentration of 10 mmol/L. Samples of papillary muscle, obtained from the removed valve, were studied by means of biochemical methods in order to assess the enzyme activities and the metabolites of the different biochemical pathways related to energy metabolism in the myocardial cell. One papillary muscle sample was used to determine enzyme activities spectrophotometrically; another was used to evaluate metabolite concentrations by spectrophotometric or spectrophotofluorimetric methods. The rate of spontaneous functional recovery after rewarming and weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) also was evaluated. In group 2, the Vmax of enzymatic activities was significantly greater (hexokinase, malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, total NADH cytochrome c reductase) and a better functional state of the heart was observed after CPB. On the basis of the clinical and biochemical data, it is concluded that the myocardium was better preserved when CP was added to the cardioplegic solution. Therefore, the results suggest a possible interaction of exogenous CP with cellular metabolism.
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PMID:Biochemical changes induced in the myocardial cell during cardioplegic arrest supplemented with creatine phosphate. 193 52

There are many factors which affect the end result of nerve suture. Clinically it is said tht rotation of the stumps at suture site has an unfavorable effect upon functional recovery, owing to discrepancies of funicular patterns and inappropriate funicular approximation. In order to evaluate the effect of rotation of the stumps at suture sites, tibial nerves of thirty-three full grown rabbits were used. After the tibial nerve was cut at a point three cm proximal to the popliteal fossa, in one group (20 rabbits) the nerve was sutured without rotation (0 degrees group) and in another group (19 rabbits) with 180 degrees rotation of the proximal stump (180 degrees groups), using epineural technique under operating microscope. Six months later return of nerve function was evaluated electrophysiologically and histologically. Electrophysiological measurements included electromyography, motor conduction velocity and muscle strength stimulating proximal stump. Histological evaluation following weighing included H-E stain, DPN diaphorase stain for muscle and Cajal stain for axon. There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to the passage rate of axons at the suture site, motor conduction velocity or recovery rate of muscle weight. But muscle strength of the plantaris in the 180 degrees group was significantly weaker than that of 0 degrees group, and in the 180 degrees group, recovery rate of muscle strength was lower than that of muscle weight, though they were the same in the 0 degrees group. Histochemically there was marked fibre type grouping of the reinnervated muscle in both groups. The author concluded that in the rabbits, the rotation of nerve stumps at suture site does not affect the passage rate of axons at the suture site nor maturation of the axon. However, it does impose unfavorable influence upon functional recovery. Further problems may arise for the recovery of complex functions when reconstitution of proprioceptive feed-back system is considered.
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PMID:[An experimental study on the functional recovery of denervated muscles--effects of stump rotation in nerve suture (author's transl)]. 702 43

The enteric nervous system appears to play a pivotal role in the functional recovery of the gastrointestinal tract after partial resection and reanastomosis, but the structural changes following surgery are not fully understood. The present study was designed to clarify the processes of myenteric plexus regeneration up to one year after transection and reanastomosis of the ileum of the guinea pig. The following techniques were used: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) diaphorase histochemistry, immunostaining of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in whole-mount preparations, and transmission electron microscopy. Two months after transection and reanastomosis, myenteric ganglion cells with NADH diaphorase reactions were scarce in the center of the lesion, and were less numerous in adjacent areas (3 mm in width) than in the control ileum. In the areas adjacent to the lesion, a few large extraganglionic neurons that did not completely compensate for the loss of ganglion neurons were observed. The remaining ileum showed no changes in NADH diaphorase staining pattern at this stage. Two to 12 months after transection and reanastomosis, ectopic large neurons gradually increased in number not only in the areas adjacent to the lesion but also in part of the remaining ileum, up to 10 cm from the lesion. Concomitantly, large ganglion neurons decreased in number in these areas. In other ileal regions (more than 10 cm distant from the site of transection), no obvious changes in NADH diaphorase staining were noted throughout the observation period. The outgrowth of NSE-containing nerve fibers from the severed stumps was seen two weeks after transection. Six weeks later, numerous bundles of fine nerve fibers with NSE were shown to interconnect the oral and anal cut ends of the myenteric plexus, but they exhibited no subsequent alterations. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that regenerating nerve fiber bundles appeared initially among irregularly arranged smooth muscle cells eight weeks after the operation, as expected from light-microscopic observations. These findings suggest that myenteric ganglion cell bodies, unlike myenteric nerve fibers, require a longer term of reconstruction than previously believed after transection and reanastomosis of the ileum of the guinea pig.
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PMID:Progressive reorganization of the myenteric plexus during one year following reanastomosis of the ileum of the guinea pig. 808 20

Ischemic brain injury in neonates can result in the degeneration of cortical and subcortical areas of brain and is associated with neurologic deficits. One approach to restoring function in conditions of ischemic brain injury is the use of neural transplants to repair damaged connections. This approach has been shown to reestablish neural circuitry and to ameliorate associated motor deficits in models of neonatal sensorimotor cortex damage. In this study, we utilized the Rice et al. rodent model of neonatal ischemic-hypoxic (IH) brain injury to assess whether transplantation of fetal neocortical tissue can promote functional recovery in tests of sensorimotor and locomotor ability throughout development and as adults. We show that animals that received neocortical grafts 3 days following the IH injury performed significantly better as adults on two measures of motor ability, the Rota-Rod treadmill and apomorphine-induced rotations, than did control animals that received sham transplants after the IH injury. Transplants were identifiable in 72% of the animals 10-12 weeks after implantation. Histochemical studies revealed that while the transplanted tissue did not establish normal cortical cytoarchitecture, cells and fibers within the grafts stained for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d), choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), cholecystokinin (CCK), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). These results suggest that transplantation of fetal neocortical tissue following IH injury in the neonatal period is associated with amelioration of motor deficits and that the grafted tissue demonstrated a neurochemical phenotype that resembled normal neocortex. This approach warrants continued investigation in light of potential therapeutic uses.
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PMID:Transplantation of fetal neocortex ameliorates sensorimotor and locomotor deficits following neonatal ischemic-hypoxic brain injury in rats. 934 72

Intravenous administration of phenylephrine provokes a pattern of cellular activation in the nucleus of the solitary tract that resembles the central distributions of primary baroreceptor afferents supplied by the carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerves. Transganglionic transport and denervation methods were used in an experimental setting to test the dependence of phenylephrine-induced Fos immunoreactivity on the integrity of buffer nerve afferents, and to identify the subregions of the nucleus of the solitary tract supplied by each. Cholera toxin B-horseradish peroxidase injections into either or both nerves revealed terminal labeling concentrated in, but not restricted to, the dorsal commissural part of the nucleus of the solitary tract at the level of the apex of calamus scriptorius, and extending into the dorsal subnucleus at the level of the area postrema. Preferential ramifications of carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerve afferents at the levels of the commissural part of the nucleus and the area postrema, respectively, were reflected in the extent to which labeled fibers comingled with neurons exhibiting phenylephrine-induced Fos in dual labeling experiments. Complete sinoaortic denervation reduced by 90% the number of neurons exhibiting drug-induced Fos expression. Selective carotid and aortic sinus denervations effected partial reductions manifest preferentially in the caudal and rostral foci of the distribution, respectively. Reduced activational responses at the level of the area postrema of aortic sinus-denervated rats were accompanied by a reduction in cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase activity in this region. Animals killed 30 days after complete sinoaortic denervation displayed no evidence of recovery of phenylephrine-induced Fos, while the strength and distribution of the response in rats that received selective carotid sinus denervation were indistinguishable from those seen in controls. These findings (i) support the dependence of phenylephrine-induced Fos expression on the integrity of carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerve afferents, (ii) provide anatomical and functional evidence that the two buffer nerves distribute differentially within the nucleus of the solitary tract, and (iii) implicate central reorganization as a likely basis for functional recovery of baroreflex mechanisms following partial sinoaortic denervation.
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PMID:Effects of selective sinoaortic denervations on phenylephrine-induced activational responses in the nucleus of the solitary tract. 1106 45

Polysaccharides extracted from Lycium barbarum exhibit antioxidant properties. We hypothesized that these polysaccharides resist oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage following cavernous nerve injury. In this study, rat models were intragastrically administered Lycium barbarum polysaccharides for 2 weeks at 1, 7, and 14 days after cavernous nerve injury. Serum superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities significantly increased at 1 and 2 weeks post-injury. Serum malondialdehyde levels decreased at 2 and 4 weeks. At 12 weeks, peak intracavernous pressure, the number of myelinated axons and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase-positive nerve fibers, levels of phospho-endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein and 3-nitrotyrosine were higher in rats administered at 1 day post-injury compared with rats administered at 7 and 14 days post-injury. These findings suggest that application of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides following cavernous nerve crush injury effectively promotes nerve regeneration and erectile functional recovery. This neuroregenerative effect was most effective in rats orally administered Lycium barbarum polysaccharides at 1 day after cavernous nerve crush injury.
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PMID:Antioxidative mechanism of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides promotes repair and regeneration following cavernous nerve injury. 2765 80