Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.6.99.3 (diaphorase)
 5,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The histochemical profiles of myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase (NADDase), and phosphorylase (Pase) activities were studied in the respiratory muscles of the chicken. Most respiratory muscles contained fibers exhibiting 18 possible combinations of staining reactions (dark or light ATPase; dark, intermediate, or light NADDase; dark, intermediate, or light Pase). Fibers that stained light for ATPase constituted as little as 10% of the total population in rectus abdominis, but as much as 32% of the total in costosternalis pars major. Those fibers did not tend to be smaller than fibers that stained dark for ATPase in the respiratory muscles as a group. Assuming these staining characteristics are correlated with functional properties of the fibers, as they are in mammals, the majority of the fibers should contract rapidly (dark ATPase) and be fatigue resistant (dark and intermediate NADDase).
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PMID:Histochemical studies of respiratory muscles of chicken. 14 96

A thirty-two year old female had chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), exertional fatigue, dysarthria, dysphagia, and bilateral hearing impairment. Histochemical stains, obtained from the right vastus lateralis, showed ragged-red fibers and wide-spread abnormalities in the number, size, and the structure of mitochondria under electronomicroscopic examination. A biochemical analysis showed a low activity of NADH-cytochrome C reductase, NADH dehydrogenase and a normal activity of succinate cytochrome C reductase and cytochrome C oxidase. This data suggests a specific defect in the NADH dehydrogenase of complex I (NADH CoQ reductase). We believe that this is the first biochemically defined mitochondrial myopathy reported in Taiwan and provides additional evidence for the existence of biochemical heterogeneity in mitochondrial disorders of CPEO.
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PMID:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia with NADH-CoQ reductase deficiency: report of a case. 132 93

The muscle fiber types and sizes in the M. stapedius (middle ear muscle) of the domestic chicken, Gallus gallus were determined histochemically on the basis of their reactions to myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase), succinic dehydrogenase and NADH diaphorase. Only type II fibers were identified at pH 9.4 and 4.2. At pH 4.6 three levels of activity were seen: high, intermediate and low. With the staining techniques three subtypes of fibers for oxidative enzymes, Types II1 (highly glycolytic), II12 (intermediately glycolytic and lipolytic) and II123 (highly lipolytic) were identified. Fiber diameter was also measured for the different fiber types. The average fiber diameter was around 20 micron for each fiber type. Although similar in size, the fiber types were markedly different in their histochemical properties. These findings plus those of earlier physiological studies suggest that the M. stapedius of G. gallus is a fast twitch, muscle with fibers of similar diameter showing mainly fatigue resistance characteristics.
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PMID:A histochemical characterization of muscle fiber types in the avian M. stapedius. 288 51

A reexamination of the question of specificity of reinnervation of fast and slow muscle was undertaken using the original "self" nerve supply to the fast lateral gastrocnemius (LG) and slow soleus muscles in the rat hindlimb. This paradigm takes advantage of the unusual situation of a common nerve branch, which supplies both a fast and slow muscle, and of the opportunity to keep the reinnervating nerve in its normal position. In addition it provides a test of the effects of cross-reinnervation among muscles of the same functional group. The properties of soleus and LG muscles and of individual muscle units were characterized in normal rats and in rats 4-14 mo after cutting the lateral gastrocnemius-soleus (LGS) nerve and suture of the proximal stump to the dorsal surface of the LG muscle. Individual muscle units were functionally isolated by stimulation of single motor axons to LG or soleus muscle contained in teased filaments in the L4 and L5 ventral roots. Motor units were classified as fast contracting fatiguable (FF), fast contracting fatigue resistant (FR), and slow (S) on the basis of criteria described in the cat by Burke et al. and applied to rat muscle units by Gillespie et al. Muscle fibers were classified as fast glycolytic (FG), fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG), and slow oxidative (SO) on the basis of histochemical staining for myosin ATPase, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide diaphorase (NADH-D), and alpha-glycerophosphate (alpha-GPD). Reinnervated muscles developed less force and weighed less in accordance with having fewer than normal motor units and having lost denervated muscle fibers. Normal LG contained a small proportion of S-type motor units (9%), whereas the majority (80%) of control soleus units were S type. After reinnervation, each muscle contained similar proportions of fast and slow motor units with S-type units constituting 30% of units in both muscles. When compared with the normal motor-unit sample, there was no significant change in average twitch and tetanic force in reinnervated muscles for each type of motor unit. However, the range within each type was greater, and there was considerable overlap between types. Twitch contraction time was inversely correlated with force in normal and reinnervated muscles as shown previously in self- and cross-reinnervated LGS in the cat. Changes in proportions of motor units in reinnervated LG were accompanied by corresponding changes in histochemical muscle types. This contrasted with reinnervated soleus in which the proportion of muscle fiber types was not significantly changed from normal despite significant change in motor-unit proportions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Motor units and histochemistry in rat lateral gastrocnemius and soleus muscles: evidence for dissociation of physiological and histochemical properties after reinnervation. 295 72

Myofibrillar proteins in muscles of the claws and abdomen of lobster, Homarus americanus, and the claws of fiddler crab, Uca pugnax, and land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis, have been analyzed with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fibers contained numerous isoforms of structural and regulatory proteins in assemblages correlated with fiber type. One fast (F) and two slow (S1 and S2) fibers were identified. All F fibers possessed two isoforms of paramyosin (P1 and P2), while all slow fibers, with the exception of Uca major claw, contained only the P2 variant. S1 and S2 fibers were distinguished by the distribution of a large isoform of troponin-T (T1; Mr = 55,000); S2 fibers in all three species contained T1 in addition to one or two smaller-molecular-weight variants usually associated with S1 fibers. In order to determine whether the slow fibers differed in histochemical properties, land crab claw closer muscle was cryosectioned and stained for myofibrillar ATPase and NADH diaphorase activities. Most S2 fibers had lower ATPase and higher NADH diaphorase activities than S1 fibers, which indicated that S2 fibers had a lower rate of contraction and were more fatigue-resistant than S1 fibers. It is proposed that the S1 and S2 fibers defined by biochemical and histochemical criteria are identical to the slow-twitch and tonic fibers, respectively characterized physiologically.
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PMID:Histochemical and biochemical characterization of two slow fiber types in decapod crustacean muscles. 296 38

This work tested whether the membrane electrical properties of cat motoneurons, the contractile properties of their muscle units, and the normal relationships among them would be restored 9 mo after section and resuture of their muscle nerve. Properties of medial gastrocnemius (MG) motor units were examined 9 mo following section and resuture of the MG nerve in adult cats. Motoneuron electrical properties and muscle-unit contractile properties were measured. Motor units were classified on the basis of their contractile properties as type fast twitch, fast fatiguing (FF), fast twitch with intermediate fatigue resistance (FI), fast twitch, fatigue resistant (FR), or slow twitch, fatigue resistant (S) (8, 20). Muscle fibers were classified as type fast glycolytic (FG), fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG), or slow oxidative (SO) on the basis of histochemical staining for myosin adenosine triphosphatase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase, and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (48). Following 9 mo self-reinnervation, the proportions of each motor-unit type were the same as in normal control animals. Motoneuron membrane electrical properties [axonal conduction velocity, afterhyperpolarization (AHP) half-decay time, rheobase, and input resistance] also returned to control levels in those motoneurons that made functional reconnection with the muscle (as determined by ability to elicit measurable tension). The relationships among motoneuron electrical properties were normal in motoneurons making functional reconnection. Approximately 10% of MG motoneurons sampled did not elicit muscle contraction. These cells' membrane electrical properties were different from those that did elicit muscle contraction. Contractile speed and fatigue resistance of reinnervated muscle units had recovered to control levels at 9 mo postoperation. Force generation did not recover fully in type-FF units. The reduced tensions were apparently due to failure of recovery of FG muscle fiber area. Following reinnervation, relationships between motoneuron electrical and muscle-unit contractile properties were similar to controls. This was reflected in a degree of correspondence between motor-unit type and motoneuron type similar to normal units (84 vs. 86%, as defined by Ref. 61). There was a significantly increased proportion of type-SO muscle fibers and a decrease in the fast muscle fibers (especially type FOG) in 9 mo reinnervated MG. Together with the unchanged proportions of motor-unit types, this led to an estimate of average innervation ratios being increased in type-S motor units and decreased in type-FR units.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Properties of self-reinnervated motor units of medial gastrocnemius of cat. I. Long-term reinnervation. 371 73

Motor units of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and the single lateral gastrocnemius/soleus (LG/S) muscles of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) were found to have uniformly slow contraction times relative to homologous muscles of the cat. Though a broad range of peak tetanic tensions was found among motor units from both muscles, most of the motor units were quite large relative to tension of the whole muscle. Comparison of the relative sizes of motor units showed that those of LG/S are significantly larger and slower than the units of MG. This suggests that the motor units of the two muscles may be differentially recruited during different behaviors. All of the MG and LG/S motor units were highly or moderately resistant to fatigue. Histochemical staining for NADH-diaphorase activity indicated consistently high levels of the enzyme in all of the fibers of both muscles. Apparently, all of the fast motor units consist of fast oxidative/glycolytic (FOG)-type muscle fibers. Our data provide functional evidence that the types of myofibrillar ATPase demonstrated by Brooke and Kaiser ('70), are not necessarily correlated to physiological classification of fiber types as slow oxidative (SO), fast oxidative/glycolytic (FOG), and fast glycolytic (FG) (Peter et al., '72). Perhaps compartmentalization of muscle fiber types may be a first step in the separation of muscles into multiple heads during the evolution of specialization to diverse locomotor habits among the mammals.
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PMID:Motor units of the primary ankle extensor muscles of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana): functional properties and fiber types. 648 10

1. This report describes selected histochemical and physiological properties of the motor units of adult cat soleus muscle approximately one year after self- and cross-reinnervation with the nerve of the heterogenous flexor hallucis longus (f.h.l.). Self-reinnervated f.h.l. motor units are also considered. Whole muscles were tested for fibre reaction to alkaline pre-incubated ATPase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase (NADH-D). Motor units were isolated and studied by splitting the ventral root in acute preparations.2. The histochemical fibre type profile in the self-reinnervated muscle was comparable to normal muscle as was mean twitch contraction time, twitch-tetanus ratio and fatigue index. The mean tetanic tension of the soleus self- and cross-reinnervated motor units appeared close to a normal soleus whereas the mean tetanic tension of the f.h.l. self-reinnervated units was significantly less than a normal f.h.l.3. An average of 14% of the fibres of the soleus cross-reinnervated muscles had high ATPase and a alpha-GPD staining intensity in contrast to normal and self-reinnervated soleus in which such fibres are absent. Thus alkaline lability of myofibrillar ATPase increased in some fibres of what was originally a homogeneous population. The small increase in the number of densely staining fibres for ATPase at an alkaline pH (14%) was associated with a 73% decrease in (mean) contraction time (41 +/- 11 ms) of the thirty-three cross-reinnervated muscle units studied, with no unit's contraction time greater than 60 ms. Mean contraction times for the self-reinnervated soleus and f.h.l. muscles were 78 +/- 31 ms and 27 +/- 8 ms respectively.4. All fibres of the soleus cross-reinnervated muscles showed intense reaction to NADH-D, as was true of self-reinnervated soleus. This staining pattern is typical of normal soleus. In concordance, these motor units consistently demonstrated a high resistance to fatigue when stimulated for a four-minute period.5. These results suggest that in the adult self-and cross-reinnervated soleus muscle, there is some active mechanism which regulates the eventual size of motor units as reflected by tetanic tension.6. Change in contraction time from that typical for a soleus unit to that similar to an f.h.l. unit remains incomplete one year after cross-reinnervation. Within this time this partial change in single motor units reflects incomplete neural control of this property rather than a mixture of self- and foreign-innervation.7. A greater degree of independence from neural control to conversion of the histochemically demonstrated myofibrillar ATPase activity exists than is the case for contraction time.
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PMID:Histochemical and physiological properties of cat motor units after self-and cross-reinnervation. 715 31

A comparison of the anatomy, fiber type profiles, and contractile properties of the wrist flexor muscles was undertaken in the cat. Isometric contractile characteristics were measured for each muscle. Three muscle fiber types, FG, FOG, and SO, were differentiated by staining cross sections of each muscle for ATPase, NADH diaphorase, SDH, and alpha-GPD activities. The wrist flexor muscles ranged from less than 1% to 49% SO fiber content; with two of the five heads of the flexor digitorium profundus (FDP) having 1% or less SO fibers (FDP1-1.07%, FDP5-0.81%) and the humeral head of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (FCUh) having the greatest content of SO fibers. The mean contraction time (CT) plus one-half relaxation time for an isometric twitch was correlated with the percentage of SO fibers and ranged from 40.5 to 111.8 ms. Except for the FCU (37ms), the CT was less than 25 ms for the wrist flexor muscles. The uniarticular wrist flexor muscles, the flexor carpi radialis (FCR), and the FCU had the highest percentage of SO fibers and were more fatigue-resistant that the multiarticular muscles. Considerable differences exist in muscle structure, fiber type proportions, and contractile properties between the FCR and FCU, which may be related to functional differences between the two sides of the wrist that may exist during the placement of the foot during locomotion.
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PMID:Morphological organization and contractile properties of the wrist flexor muscles in the cat. 725 81

Five goat latissimus dorsi muscles (LDM) were submitted to a progressive chronic electrostimulation program to reach an integrated understanding of the fast-to-slow transformation process in large mammals. LDM were regularly sampled and followed during a period of 8 months. Each sample was simultaneously assessed for histoenzymological study, myosin and LDH isoforms and bioenergetic capacities [NADH dehydrogenase cytochrome c oxidoreductase (NADH Cyt c OR), succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome c oxidoreductase (Succ Cyt c OR), cytochrome c oxidase (Cyt c Ox) and LDH]. Such muscles were also tested with and without completion of II to I transformation for their mechanical properties in isometric and isotonic strain gauge testing. The conversion of fast-to-slow myosin monitored by heavy chain (HC I) and light chain slow component (LC2s) began a few days after stimulation and was almost 100% after 100 days. The H-LDH isoforms evolved similarly but did not reach 100% conversion after 200 days. The activity of respiratory chain oxidases increased within 36 h but to a variable extent and peaked after 32 days, corresponding to a 75% transformation of myosin compared to initial levels. NADH Cyt c OR, Succ Cyt c OR, and Cyt c Ox, respectively increased 10-, 5- and 5-fold. These activities then significantly decreased before the completion of the myofibrillar transformation and reached a plateau with stable activities that remained 2- to 3-fold higher than the unstimulated LDM. LDH activity sharply decreased until day 62 (5-fold) and then plateaued. Functionally, muscle showed a reduced speed of contraction and moderate reduction in power output but had become fatigue-resistant. This study documents the transformation process in large mammals and suggests the dynamic relation between workload, aerobic-anaerobic metabolism and the contractile myofibrillar system.
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PMID:Type II to type I transformation of chronically stimulated goat latissimus dorsi muscle: a histoenzymological, biochemical, bioenergetic, and functional study. 883 65


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