Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.6.99.3 (diaphorase)
5,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Echinococcus multilocularis, a vulpine intestinal tapeworm, is the causative agent of alveolar echinococosis in humans, one of the most severe and lethal parasitic infections in man. To date, there is very little knowledge about the genetical polymorphism of this parasite. To assess sequence polymorphism, we analysed a sample of 33 E. multilocularis isolates from Europe, North America and Asia by PCR-SSCP followed by nucleotide sequencing. This assessment was performed comparatively to sheep, cattle and pig E. granulosus strains. Coding (nuclear antigen B and mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase genes) and non-coding (introns of actin and homeobox-containing genes) regions of the parasite genome were chosen as targets. Since the estimated nucleotide diversity among genotypes of E. multilocularis were, in general, 10 times lower than among the recognized different strains of E. granulosus, we suggest that the conventional classification of the former species in 2 separated strains (European and North American) should be reviewed.
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PMID:Reduced genetic variability within coding and non-coding regions of the Echinococcus multilocularis genome. 936 3

Sixteen isolates of Echinococcus granulosus, collected from Iranian patients at surgery, and from domestic animals, including sheep, goats, cattle, and camels at slaughterhouses in Tehran and central and southern Iran were analyzed for DNA nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence variation within regions of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit I (NDI) genes. A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method, based on the DNA sequence variation in the NDI gene, was also used to rapidly survey the E. granulosus isolates. The isolates were categorized into two distinct and uniform genotype groupings. The analysis clearly indicated that the camel/dog strain (G6 genotype) of E. granulosus as well as the cosmopolitan, common sheep strain (G1 genotype) occur in Iran. The G1 genotype was found present in all four human isolates examined and it was more prevalent in domestic animals than the camel-restricted G6 genotype. In E. granulosus-endemic areas of Iran it is evident, therefore, that the majority of E. granulosus-infected livestock animals can potentially act as reservoirs of human infection, and this has important implications for hydatid control and public health.
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PMID:Indication of the presence of two distinct strains of Echinococcus granulosus in Iran by mitochondrial DNA markers. 968 48

Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis was employed for the direct visual display of genetic variability in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragments within and among populations of Echinococcus granulosus from the People's Republic of China and from Argentina. Fragments of the NADH dehydrogenase I gene (NDI) and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) were individually amplified from parasite DNA by polymerase chain reaction, denatured and subjected to SSCP analysis. Using NDI and COI fragments, samples representing different genotypes could be readily identified based on characteristic SSCP profiles. The results demonstrate the utility of SSCP for the direct visual display of nucleotide variation in mtDNA of E. granulosus prior to DNA sequence analysis. The approach compares favourably with existing genotyping procedures and provides a reliable and technically reproducible method for the routine laboratory identification of Echinococcus isolates.
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PMID:Screening for different genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus within China and Argentina by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. 1049 73

We have designed two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer sets (PEg9F1-PEg9R1 and PEg16F1-PEg16R1) and two PCR protocols (Eg9-PCR and Eg16-PCR) for discrimination of Echinococcus granulosus genotypes. The oligonucleotide sequences originate from two E. granulosus DNA multiplex-PCR amplification fragments, previously reported, that allows species-specific discrimination between Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, and E. granulosus. The Eg9-PCR, Eg16-PCR, and Eg9-PCR linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was used to characterize 53 E. granulosus isolates from the central region of Spain, highly endemic for echinococcosis. The analysis resulted in: (i) the discrimination of E. granulosus from Echinococcus multilocularis; (ii) the characterisation and discrimination of discrete E. granulosus strains from Spain; and (iii) the identification of two distinct genotypes within E. granulosus Spanish pig isolates. To further characterize the genetic variants in pigs, fragments of the NADH dehydrogenase I (ND1) and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO1) genes were amplified from parasite DNA and sequenced. The results again revealed the presence of two distinct genotypes: the G1 (sheep-dog strain) and G7 (pig-dog strain) genotypes. This observation could have important consequences for human health in Spain. Furthermore, the Eg9-PCR, Eg16-PCR, and Eg9-PCR-RFLP protocols can be used as additional methods to discriminate various E. granulosus genotypes.
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PMID:Further molecular discrimination of Spanish strains of Echinococcus granulosus. 1261 66

The northern biotype of Echinococcus granulosus occurs in North America and northern Eurasia in life-cycles involving cervids. Previously, cervid isolates of E. granulosus from North America have been characterized using molecular genetic techniques as the G8 genotype. In this study, 5 isolates of E. granulosus were collected from 4 reindeer and 1 moose in north-eastern Finland. DNA sequences within regions of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase I (NI)I) genes and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) fragment of the ribosomal DNA were analysed. The mitochondrial nucleotide sequences were identical in all isolates, but high sequence variation was found in the ITS-1 region. Mitochondrial and nuclear sequences of the Finnish cervid E. granulosus and the camel strain (G6) of E. granulosus resembled closely each other. According to phylogenetic analyses, the Finnish isolates have close relationships also with the pig (G7) and cattle (G5) strains. Although some similarities were found with the previously published North American cervid strain (G8), particularly in the NDI sequence and some of the ITS-1 clones, the Finnish E. granulosus form represents a distinct, previously undescribed genotype of E. granulosus. The novel genotype is hereby named as the Fennoscandian cervid strain (G10).
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PMID:Molecular genetic characterization of the Fennoscandian cervid strain, a new genotypic group (G10) of Echinococcus granulosus. 1296 23

Investigations were undertaken to determine the genotypes of the parasite Echinococcus granulosus that were present in livestock animals on the island of Sardinia. Liver, lung, and spleen samples were obtained from 770 sheep, 229 cattle, and 277 pigs slaughtered in Sardinia between January 2003 and April 2005, and the number and fertility of hydatid cysts were determined. Protoscoleces and/or germinal layer were collected from individual cysts, DNA was extracted from 91 samples, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods were used for identification of the strain genotype for each sample (G1, G5, G6/G7). Fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and NADH dehydrogenase I were sequenced. Hydatid disease prevalence of 75.3, 41.5, and 9.4% were found in the organs collected from sheep, cattle, and pigs, respectively. Molecular analysis showed that 89 of 91 ovine, bovine, and swine cysts belonged to the G1 genotype (common sheep strain) of E. granulosus. Parasite isolates from two pigs were identified to belong to the G7 genotype (pig strain). Our results confirm the high prevalence of E. granulosus infection in livestock animals in Sardinia and reveal the presence of at least two parasite genotypes in Sardinia.
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PMID:Molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus strains in Sardinia. 1632 21

Twelve isolates of Echinococcus granulosus, collected from domestic animals, including cattle, buffalo and sheep were analysed for DNA nucleotide sequence variation within mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (coxI), NADH dehydrogenase subunit I (nadI) and internal transcribed spacer gene I (ITS1). After analysis of sequence information this was found that the fragment size of ITS1 of buffalo isolate was more in comparison to cattle and sheep isolates. Based on the nadI genotype this was found that Indian cattle, buffalo and sheep isolates could be grouped into E. granulosus sensu stricto. Based on coxI genotype two sheep isolates and one buffalo isolate were homologous to G2 genotype. Rests of the isolates were microvariants of G2 genotype. Presence of G2 genotype in buffalo is the first report of this genotype from this host.
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PMID:Genotypic characterisation of Indian cattle, buffalo and sheep isolates of Echinococcus granulosus. 1702 90

Although cystic echinococcosis (CE) has been a recognized public health problem in Greece, molecular data are lacking regarding the types and prevalences of infecting strains of the etiological agent Echinococcus granulosus. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of CE and determined the infecting genotypes in sheep and goats in Peloponnesus, a large region of southern Greece. Liver and lung samples were obtained from 210 sheep and 190 goats slaughtered between January and December 2005, and the number, morphology, and fertility of hydatid cysts were determined. Protoscoleces or germinal layers were collected from individual cysts (20 sheep and 20 goats), and DNA was extracted. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/seminested PCR system was used to distinguish the G1, G5, and G6/G7 strains, and a specific molecular diagnosis was obtained by sequencing PCR-amplified mitochondrial DNA encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and NADH dehydrogenase I genes. The prevalence of CE was 30.4% in sheep and 14.7% in goats; fertile cysts were found in 16.2 and 7.4%, respectively. Overall, 18 of 20 sheep harbored the G1 genotype (common sheep strain), while the remaining two animals had the G3 (buffalo) strain. All 20 goats were infected with the G7 (pig) strain. These results document the prevalence of E. granulosus infection in food animals in this geographical area and reveal for the first time the presence of, at least, three parasite genotypes.
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PMID:Molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus in sheep and goats of Peloponnesus, Greece. 1748 70

Sixty-six isolates of larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, a known pathogenic parasite of man and animals were collected from cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats. Single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) for analysis of variation after denaturation of amplicon of intron of actin II (ACTII) revealed six SSCP phenotypes. Intron portion was analyzed considering introns-early and introns-late theories. Isolates belonging to different conformers were further screened for mitochondrial ATPase subunit 6 (ATP6) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit II (nadII) genotypes. Assignment of each isolate to its specific strain was achieved after comparing with standard genotypes of E. granulosus. Variants deduced by nuclear targets did not match with mitochondrial haplotypes. A possible explanation for this observation can be attributed toward interspecific hybridization since cross-fertilization occurs less frequently in hermaphrodite organisms. A phylogenetic tree drawn on the basis of predicted aminoacid sequence of ATP6 and nadII revealed two distinct clusters i.e. E. granulosus sensu stricto and E. ortleppi/cattle strain (EG5). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of genetic characterization of two distinct ATP6 and nadII genotypes of zoonotic importance living in sympatry.
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PMID:Molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus of Indian animal isolates on the basis of nuclear and mitochondrial genotype. 1866 43

In the present study we have compared cattle isolates of Echinococcus granulosus from Argentina and Spain. The aim was to compare and determine if there exist phenotypic and genetic differences within E. granulosus cattle isolates between an endemic area of Spain (where the disease is mainly restricted to a sheep-dog cycle) and an endemic area of Argentina (where cattle are the most abundant intermediate hosts). The Spanish samples were previously identified as G1 genotype. The Argentinean samples were also identified as G1, but some variants were found for the cytochrome c oxidase-1 (CO1) and NADH dehydrogenase-1 (ND1) mitochondrial genes. When comparing the cyst features and the morphology of the larval rostellar hooks in both regions, some differences were found. The morphometric analyses of the larval rostellar hooks showed the existence of two distinct clearly separated groups (one corresponding to the Argentinean samples and the other to the Spanish ones). In conclusion, there are some genetic and phenotypic differences within E. granulosus cattle isolates from Argentina and Spain. Probably these differences, more important from an epidemiological point of view, are related to different steps in the disease control in both countries. Further studies involving other epidemiological, morphometric and molecular data, including other types of livestock, would contribute to clarify and expand the present work.
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PMID:Echinococcus granulosus: biological comparison of cattle isolates from endemic regions of Argentina and Spain. 2008 85


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