Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.99.1 (NADPH-diaphorase)
3,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nascent microglia cells in the developing brain were studied by morphological, cytochemical, and autoradiographic methods. These cells are a well differentiated population, characterized by the presence of an activated nucleus, numerous ribosomes, a well developed Golgi system and associated structures including clear vesicles, dense granules, and membrane-bound polymorphous structures. Big clear vacuoles in the cytoplasm are a constant feature; filaments and microtubules are found in variable numbers. Finger-like projections and invaginations of the plasma membrane are usually found. The identification of these cells with the classical microglial cells stained by Rio Hortega's method was made by reconstruction of 20 cells using serial sections. These cells show strong NADPH dehydrogenase, ATPase, and acid phosphatase activities, in addition to nonspecific esterase activity which is inhibited by sodium fluoride. Transfusion of labeled bone marrow cells from a donor showed labeled cells only in those areas in which nascent microglia cells are more abundant. Taken together, these data suggest an exogenous, most probably monocytic, origin of nascent microglia. New studies with membrane markers are, however, needed for providing better characterization of these cells.
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PMID:Nascent microglia in the developing brain. 737 28

Reactive microglia in the developing brain after stab wound was studied by morphological, cytochemical, and autoradiographic methods. Morphologically, early reactive cells are of the "M" cell type (Matthews 1974). They show an activated nucleus, cytoplasm rich in ribosomes with wide Golgi complex and variable numbers of lipid inclusions. Big clear vacuoles are found in many of these cells. Microtubules not associated with centrioles and filaments may or may not be present. Junctional complexes of the zonula or puncta adherentia types are occasionally found. Strong NADPH dehydrogenase, weak NADH dehydrogenase, strong ATPase, and strong acid phosphatase, in addition to nonspecific esterase activities were demonstrated in many reactive cells. Intravenous infusion of labelled bone marrow cells from a donor showed labelled macrophages and labelled perivascular cells at the site of injury. Intracerebral injection of a small dose of tritiated thymidine at the time of injury resulted in the appearance of labelled macrophages in the following days. These data suggest that many of the reactive cells have an exogenous, more probably monocytic, origin; but a certain amount of endogenous cells also act as macrophages in brain injuries.
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PMID:Reactive microglia in the developing brain. 737 29

As revealed by the NADH-diaphorase and myosine ATPase, the M. extensor carpi radialis longus of the rat possesses at least 3 main kinds of fibres, with different distribution on the superficial and deep portions of the muscle. The superficial portion revealed that 67.68% are FG (fast-twitch-glycolytic) fibres, 14.72% are FOG (fast-twitch-oxidative) fibres and 17.60% are SO (slow-twitch-glycolytic) fibres. Already the deep portion revealed that 71.29% are SO (slow-twitch-glycolytic) fibres, 17.46% are FOG (fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic) fibres and 11.25% are FG (fast-twitch-glycolytic) fibres. The miosine ATPase reaction was used to demonstrate contracting characteristics. These findings suggest that the movements of fast contraction of the M. extensor carpi radialis longus are predominant.
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PMID:Distribution of different fibre types of M. extensor carpi radialis longus of the rat. 788 87

A histochemical analysis was performed on the activity of myofibrillar ATPase following preincubation at pH 10.3 with NADH-diaphorase in the cat tail muscles (ECM; extensor caudae medialis, ECL; extensor caudae lateralis, ACE; abductor caudae externus, ACI; abductor caudae internus, FCL; flexor caudae longus, and FCB; flexor caudae brevis). Muscles contained three types of muscle fibers: FG (fast-twitch glycolytic) showed high reaction of myofibrillar ATPase staining and low reaction in NADH-diaphorase staining; FOG (fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic) showed high reaction in myofibrillar ATPase staining and high reaction in NADH-diaphorase staining; and SO (slow-twitch oxidative) showed low reaction in myofibrillar ATPase staining and high reaction in NADH-diaphorase staining. All 6 tail muscles were composed of these three types of fibers, but proportions differed in each tail muscle. Proportions of SO and FG fibers were highest in ECL (SO: 38.6 +/- 2.3, S.D. %) and ACI (FG: 59.2 +/- 5.0%), respectively. The diameters of the fibers were also measured (SO; 50.47 +/- 3.12, FOG; 58.18 +/- 2.78, FG; 70.91 +/- 3.40, S.D. microns).
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PMID:Histochemical fiber composition of cat's tail muscles. 814 97

Two strains of Chlamydia psittaci (one isolated from aborted goat foetus and the other from brain of a buffalo calf that had died of meningoencephalitis) were injected intracisternally into six goats to produce experimental mastitis. Cryostat sections of 7-8 microns thickness, obtained from udder, teat, liver and kidney of infected and control animals were incubated for histoenzymic demonstration of alkaline-(AKPase), acid-(ACPase) and adenosine-tri-(ATPase) phosphatases; lactate-(LDH) and succinate-(SDH) dehydrogenases and for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-D). Results demonstrated that AKPase and NADPH-D declined while ACPase accumulated in acinar cells of udder while both NADPH-D and ACPase decreased in teat sinus epithelium. Hepatic canaliculi in perilobular areas of liver lobules registered complete absence of AKPase and ATPase. Hepatocytes and renal tubules accumulated LDH, SDH and NADPH-D. The interstitial connective tissue of udder and kidney presented higher levels of AKPase. Comparison of results with biochemical alterations in the level of these enzymes revealed striking discrepancies which seem to arise because of failure of biochemical procedures to discriminate between functional cells of tissue and inflammatory cells. The functional significance of histoenzymic alterations has been discussed.
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PMID:Studies on experimental chlamydial mastitis in goat histoenzymology. 828 44

Adaptative changes in skeletal muscle following surface electrical stimulation (SES) were investigated in rhesus monkeys. SES was performed on the triceps brachialis muscle (TB) according to an intermittent pattern. The procedure was carried out for 3 wk, using a current with a medium frequency of 60 Hz normally observed in fast motor axons. The histochemical assays performed on biopsies taken from proximal and distal parts of the TB muscle, before and after the SES program, showed that the distribution of fibers typed by ATPase was unaffected. On the other hand, SES led to an overall increase in the mean fiber cross-sectional area (FCSA); P < 0.01 (+13.7%, NS, in proximal portion, vs +31%, P < 0.01 in distal portion). This increase in size occurred in all fiber types. SES was shown to induce an overall increase in capillary to fiber ratio (C/F; +11.06%, NS, in proximal portion, vs +25.93%, P < 0.05 in distal portion). The number of capillaries surrounding fiber Type II (CAFII) was significantly increased by SES (P < 0.05): +3.21%, NS, in proximal portion, versus +21.47%, P < 0.05 in distal portion. Moreover, the number of capillaries surrounding fiber Type I (CAFI) was statistically unaffected by SES. These results suggest that a stimulation of capillary growth may occur following SES-training. Citrate synthase activity was significantly increased after SES. This enhancement in oxidative potential was shown to occur in all fiber types (NADH-diaphorase staining).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of surface electrostimulation on the structure and metabolic properties in monkey skeletal muscle. 845 51

Rabbits given 1 ppm of vanadate in drinking water for twelve months showed (a) increased plasma levels of catecholamines (b) reduction of the arterial concentration of nitric oxide (c) lower activity of urine kallikrein and higher activities of urine kininases I and II and enkephalinase (d) reduced cardiac inotropism and augmented total peripheral resistance, with unchanged blood pressure levels (e) accumulation of the metal in the aorta and cardiac ventricles. Monoaminooxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were increased by vanadate in both kidney and liver and that of NADH-diaphorase in the kidney, in which NADPH-diaphorase activity was reduced. Some of the above results were also obtained in rats given 10 and 40 ppm of vanadate in drinking water for six-seven months; these animals showed arterial hypertension and reduced activity of Na, K-ATPase in the kidney. Vanadium appears to act on the cardiovascular function through selective neurohumoral, autacoidal and transductional mechanisms only in part depending on the species.
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PMID:[Neurohumoral, autacoid and transductional mechanisms in the cardiovascular effects of vanadate: histochemical correlations]. 937 36

Previously, we found that cytochrome oxidase-rich zones in the supragranular layers of the macaque striate cortex had more asymmetric, glutamate-immunoreactive synapses than the surrounding, cytochrome oxidase-poor regions. A major glutamate receptor family is N-methyl-D-aspartate, which is implicated in the stimulation of nitric oxide synthase and in the production of nitric oxide, a gaseous intra- and inter-cellular messenger. To determine if energy-generating and energy-utilizing enzymes bore any spatial relationship with neurochemicals associated with glutamatergic neurotransmission in the monkey visual cortex, serial cortical sections were processed histochemically for cytochrome oxidase and NADPH-diaphorase, and immunohistochemically for sodium/potassium-ATPase, nitric oxide synthase, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 protein, respectively. The general patterns were similar among the five neurochemicals, with layers 4C, 6 and supragranular puffs being labelled, although the intensity of labelling differed among them. Monocular impulse blockade with tetrodotoxin for two to four weeks induced a down-regulation of all five neurochemicals not only in deprived layer 4C ocular dominance columns, but also in deprived rows of puffs. Thus, the regulation of all five neurochemicals in the mature visual cortex is activity-dependent. Combined cytochrome oxidase histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase immunohistochemistry in the same sections revealed that double-labelled cells were primarily medium-sized non-pyramidals in various cortical layers. Likewise, those that were double-labelled by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 immunohistochemistry and nitric oxide synthase immunogold silver staining in the same sections were of the medium-sized non-pyramidal neurons. At the ultrastructural level, combined cytochrome oxidase cytochemistry and postembedding immunogold labelling for nitric oxide synthase showed that immunogold particles for nitric oxide synthase were more heavily concentrated in cytochrome oxidase-rich type C cells. These medium-sized non-pyramidal cells were previously found to be gamma aminobutyric acid-immunoreactive and received both gamma aminobutyric acid- and glutamate-immunoreactive axosomatic synapses. Thus, our results are consistent with an enrichment of excitatory synaptic interactions in metabolically active regions of the primate visual cortex that involves glutamate-related neurochemicals, such as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and nitric oxide synthase. These interactions impose a higher energy demand under normal conditions and are down-regulated by retinal impulse blockade.
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PMID:Neurochemical organization of the macaque striate cortex: correlation of cytochrome oxidase with Na+K+ATPase, NADPH-diaphorase, nitric oxide synthase, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1. 950 44

The pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy remains unclear, although several factors have been implicated in its pathogenesis. We have examined possible roles of decreased production of nitric oxide, ion channel dysfunction and decreased capacity of nerve regeneration. STZ-induced diabetic rats showed decreases in nociceptive threshold and NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons, nNOS level and cGMP content of DRG at 12 weeks after induction of diabetes. The rats injected by L-NAME, potent nNOS inhibitor, showed decreased nociceptive threshold, although D-NAME, inactive in nNOS inhibition, did not. These results suggest that decreased NO production might be involved in hyperalgesia in diabetic rats. Both hyperglycemia and decreased Na/K-ATPase activity are thought to be characteristic features of diabetic neuropathy. To investigate the presence of ion channel abnormality in diabetic nerves, a Vaseline-gap voltage clamp technique was applied for a single myelinated fibers under 30 mM high glucose plus 0.1 mM ouabain. Since K current was increased, a Ca activated K channel blocker was applied and this increase was shown to be suppressed. Furthermore, Ca channel blockers all suppressed increased K currents, suggesting that the condition induced an increase of Ca influx, thereby increasing Ca activated K currents through K channels. The data are important in that diabetic condition may induce both Ca influx, leading to nerve degeneration, and increased K current, resulting in decreased nerve conduction. Nerve regeneration has been known to be disturbed in diabetic condition. We have shown a decrease in nerve elongation rate in diabetic rats after crush of sciatic nerve, although this decrease was not ameliorated by ARI. Furthermore, Wallerian degeneration was shown to be delayed in diabetic nerves, leading to delayed nerve regeneration. Hyperphosphorylation of both medium and high molecular weight neurofilaments that might be induced by protein kinases including CDK 5 may be involved in the mechanism.
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PMID:[New trend in pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy]. 1037 17

The effects of an intravenous injection of Interleukin-13 (IL-13) after endotoxin administration on diaphragm muscle were studied using Wistar rats. Two treatment groups, a control (saline+endotoxin) group and an IL-13 (IL-13+endotoxin) group were studied. E. coli endotoxin (10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 5 minutes after saline or IL-13 (0.25 microg) injection. The force-frequency curves, twitch kinetics and fatigability were measured at 0 and 4 hours after endotoxin injection. The force-frequency curves and twitch tension in the control group were significantly lower at 4 hours than those at 0 hour due to endotoxin. On the other hand, IL-13 prevented the decrement of the force-frequency curves and twitch tension induced by endotoxin. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase histochemistry showed positive staining at 4 hours due to endotoxin in the control group; however, IL-13 also blocked NADPH diaphorase staining at 4 hours. Furthermore, the positive muscle fibers detected by the NADPH diaphorase staining were classified as type I (slow twitch) muscle fibers by ATPase staining. We conclude that IL-13 prevents the deterioration of contraction induced by endotoxin by inhibiting nitric oxide production in the diaphragm muscle, mainly the type I muscle fibers.
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PMID:Interleukin-13 prevents diaphragm muscle deterioration in a septic animal model. 1067 21


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