Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.6.99.1 (NADPH-diaphorase)
 3,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In addition to labelling endothelium, some ependymal cells (including tanycytes), and a subpopulation of neurons, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemistry of stab lesion sites in the neocortex revealed a large population of cells concentrated within several hundred micrometers of the lesion site. To determine the identity of these cells, NADPH-diaphorase reactivity was compared to binding with either the I-B4 isolectin from Bandeiraea simplicifolia (which has previously been shown to identify endothelial cells and activated mononuclear phagocytes), or a monoclonal antibody (OX-42) that recognizes activated mononuclear phagocytes. Many I-B4 lectin-labelled cells were also NADPH-diaphorase reactive, and other I-B4 lectin-labelled cells were also OX-42 immunoreactive, but co-existence of OX-42 immunoreactivity and NADPH-diaphorase reactivity was not observed. Only a small minority of NADPH-diaphorase-reactive cells did not exhibit I-B4 lectin binding. In contrast to the simple somatic morphology of the majority of NADPH-diaphorase-reactive cells, the I-B4 lectin-negative cells had a ramified appearance, and while readily observed at two days postlesion, they were only rarely seen at three days postlesion. Primary cultures of bovine aortic endothelial cells also exhibited NADPH-diaphorase reactivity which occupied most of the cytoplasm in a filamentous web pattern. Endothelial cells possess a constitutive form of nitric oxide synthase which, as demonstrated in NADPH-diaphorase-reactive neurons, may be the basis of their NADPH-diaphorase reactivity. These findings indicate that NADPH-diaphorase-reactive cells observed at lesion sites are probably angiogenic endothelial cells not associated with extant blood vessels. Thus, NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry offers an effective method of visualizing neovascularization in the brain and other tissues.
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PMID:NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry identifies isolated endothelial cells at sites of traumatic injury in the adult rat brain. 848 46

The vomeronasal system of mammals is chemoarchitecturally dichotomous. Two populations of receptor cells have been identified in the vomeronasal sensory epithelium based on the family of receptor proteins they express on their membranes. These two receptor cell populations express different G-proteins: the more basal population expresses Goalpha and the more apical population expresses Gialpha2. The Goalpha-expressing receptor cells project their axons to the posterior accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) whereas the Gialpha2-expressing cells project their axons to the anterior AOB. In all mammals studied to date, the anterior AOB is Gialpha2-positive and the posterior AOB is Goalpha-positive. These two parts of the AOB are also chemoarchitecturally heterogeneous with respect to their carbohydrate content as revealed both with lectin binding and immunoreactivity to monoclonal antibodies raised against carbohydrate moieties. However, species differences have been observed with respect to lectin binding, as with NADPH-diaphorase reactions and OMP immunoreactivity. Recent studies indicate that there are physiological and behavioral correlates to the dichotomy within the vomeronasal system.
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PMID:Segregated pathways in the vomeronasal system. 971 99

The mammalian accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) is chemoarchitecturally heterogeneous in that it stains differentially with a number of markers; the receptor cells that project to the AOB are similarly heterogeneous. What is the significance of this heterogeneity? We have found that the AOB of the gray, short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica, stains differentially with a number of 'markers': antibodies to olfactory marker protein (OMP) and the alpha subunit of the G protein Gi2, the lectin of Vicia villosa and NADPH-diaphorase. These markers stain the rostral AOB more strongly than the caudal AOB whereas, the G protein subunit G(o) alpha is located predominantly in the posterior subdivision of the AOB. This heterogeneity in the chemoarchitecture of the AOB may reflect a fundamental organizational dichotomy within the vomeronasal system that corresponds to a functional dichotomy. The vomeronasal sensory epithelium also exhibits a chemoarchitectural heterogeneity: receptor cells in the basal third are G(o) alpha-immunoreactive whereas the cells in the middle third are Gi2 alpha-immunoreactive. Tracing studies using WGA-HRP demonstrate that the neurons in the middle third of the vomeronasal sensory epithelium project their axons to the anterior AOB whereas those in the basal third appear to project to the posterior AOB.
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PMID:Heterogeneity in the accessory olfactory system. 975 36

The accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) is a primary center of the vomeronasal system. In the dog, the position and morphology of the AOB remained vague for a long time. Recently, the morphological characteristics of the dog AOB were demonstrated by means of lectin-histochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical staining, although the distribution of each kind of neuron, especially granule cells, remains controversial in the dog AOB. In the present study, we examined the distribution of neuronal elements in the dog AOB by means of immunohistochemical and enzyme-histochemical staining. Horizontal paraffin or frozen sections of the dog AOB were immunostained with antisera against protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), brain nitric oxide synthase (NOS), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) by avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method. In addition, frozen sections were stained enzyme-histochemically for NADPH-diaphorase. In the dog AOB, vomeronasal nerve fibers, glomeruli, and mitral/tufted cells were PGP 9.5-immunopositive. Mitral/tufted cells were observed in the glomerular layer (GL) and the neuronal cell layer (NCL). In the NCL, a small number of NOS-, GAD-, and SP-immunopositive and NADPH-diaphorase positive granule cells were observed. In the GL, GAD-, TH-, and VIP-immunopositive periglomerular cells were observed. In the GL and the NCL, TH-, and VIP-immunopositive short axon cells were also observed. In addition to these neurons, TH- and SP-immunopositive afferent fibers were observed in the GL and the NCL. We could distinctly demonstrate the distribution of neuronal elements in the dog AOB. Since only a small number of granule cells were present in the dog AOB, the dog AOB did not display such a well-developed GCL as observed in the other mammals.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical and enzyme-histochemical study on the accessory olfactory bulb of the dog. 981 Dec 17

To investigate whether motoneurons react to signals deriving from target inflammation, we studied the facial motor nucleus after injections of phytohaemagglutinin in the snout of adult rats. This plant lectin is a tool widely used to induce proliferation and activation of T lymphocytes, and we observed marked lymphocyte infiltration in the injected facial muscles. Retrograde labelling of motoneurons was not detected after peripheral injections of fluorochrome-conjugated phytohaemagglutinin. Nitric oxide synthase, revealed by NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry, OX-42-immunoreactive microglia, and expression of the cell death repressor gene bcl-2, investigated with nonradioactive in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, were evaluated in the facial nucleus. Daily phytohaemagglutinin injections for 4 days, mimicking repeated muscle exposure to inflammatory stimuli, resulted after 2-day survival in NADPH-diaphorase induction in motoneurons and marked activation of the surrounding microglia. Quantitative image analysis of NADPH-diaphorase staining, and OX-42 immunoreactivity and microglial cell counts indicated highly significant increases with respect to saline-injected control cases. The occurrence of a neuroprotective retrograde response was evaluated monitoring bcl-2 expression. Following single phytohaemagglutinin administration, bcl-2 mRNA was significantly upregulated at 6 h in facial motoneurons and returned to basal levels at 24 h. Bcl-2 immunoreactivity was markedly upregulated at 24 h and was still significantly higher than in controls at 7 days, when concomitant NADPH-diaphorase induction in motoneurons and microglia activation was also observed. No degenerative features were observed in motoneurons after phytohaemagglutinin injections at the examined time-points. The data point out that local muscle inflammation retrogradely elicits gene activation in motoneurons and their microenvironment.
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PMID:Retrograde response of the rat facial motor nucleus to muscle inflammation elicited by phytohaemagglutinin. 1129 93

NADPH-diaphorase (ND) positive cell types were characterized throughout the optic nerve of the tench in normal conditions and after optic nerve transection with survival periods of 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 60, 120 and 180 days. Astrocytic markers (S100 and glutamine synthetase) and the microglial marker tomato lectin were employed. In the control prechiasmatic optic nerve two types (types I and II) of ND-positive glial cells appeared. All type I cells showed S100 immunoreactivity, whereas only a subpopulation of them were positive to glutamine synthetase. Type II cells only presented S100 immunoreactivity. In the control anterior optic tract, all ND-positive glial cells (type III) presented immunolabeling to S100 and glutamine synthetase. After transection, types I and II did not show any changes in the staining patterns for the glial markers when observed. Two new types of ND-positive glial cells (types IV and V) were observed after axotomy. All type IV cells were S100-immunopositive, and a subpopulation presented glutamine synthetase immunolabeling. Only a subpopulation of type V cells showed glutamine synthetase immunostaining. The presence of type IV or V cells in the lesioned optic nerve occurred simultaneously with significant decreases or absence of type I cells. These data suggest that type I and III cells are astrocytes and type II cells are oligodendrocytes. Types IV and V cells are the result of the activation of type I cells after optic nerve section. The polymorphism observed in ND-positive cells may reflect different cell functions during degenerative and regenerative processes.
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PMID:Characterization of NADPH-diaphorase-positive glial cells of the tench optic nerve after axotomy. 1866 46

Behavioral, electrophysiological, and anatomical assays of non-human primates have provided substantial evidence that the hippocampus and dentate gyrus are essential for memory consolidation. However, a single anatomical and stereological investigation of these regions has been done in New World primates to complement those assays. The aim of the present study was to describe the cyto-, myelo-, and histochemical architecture of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus, and to use the optical fractionator method to estimate the number of neurons in the hippocampal pyramidal and granular neurons in the dentate gyrus of the Cebus monkey. NeuN immunolabeling, lectin histochemical staining with Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA), enzyme-histochemical detection of NADPH-diaphorase activity and Gallyas silver staining were used to define the layers and limits of the hippocampal fields and dentate gyrus. A comparative analysis of capuchin (Cebus apella) and Rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys revealed similar structural organization of these regions but significant differences in the regional distribution of neurons. C. apella were found to have 1.3 times fewer pyramidal and 3.5 times fewer granular neurons than M. mulatta. Taken together the architectonic and stereological data of the present study suggest that hippocampal and dentate gyrus neural networks in the C. apella and M. mulatta may contribute to hippocampal-dentate gyrus-dependent tasks in different proportions.
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PMID:Hippocampus and dentate gyrus of the Cebus monkey: architectonic and stereological study. 2055 78