Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.99.1 (NADPH-diaphorase)
3,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nitric oxide (NO) has been proposed to function as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the lower urinary tract. This study investigates the distribution of NO-containing neurons and its changes following urethral obstruction in the guinea-pig. By using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and NO synthase (NOS) immunohistochemistry, the highest frequency of NO-containing neurons was observed in the bladder base. Double labelling studies showed that 70.9% of NADPH-d reactive neurons co-expressed NOS immunoreactivity. Acetylcholinesterase reactivity was present in the majority of the intramural neurons with 54% of them expressed NOS immunoreactivity. NADPH-d reactivity was colocalized with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P immunoreactivities in both neurons and fibres. Colocalization study also revealed that NADPH-d reactive neurons formed a distinct cell population from tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons. At 12 hours after urethral obstruction, NADPH-d reactivity in the intramural ganglion cells was noticeably enhanced and this was sustained till 24 hours whence some intensely stained neurons appeared to undergo degenerative changes. Neuronal degeneration was more drastic at 48 hours so that the number of NADPH-d positive neurons was significantly reduced. The present study suggests that NO is an important neurotransmitter in the urinary bladder and that it may be involved in the relaxation activity in the bladder base during micturition. It is speculated that the increased NADPH-d reactivity in intramural ganglion cells elicited by urethral obstruction may be responsible for the cell death. It is suggested that the resulting cell loss or bladder denervation may account for the urinary dysfunction such as frequency and urgency of micturition in patients with urethral obstruction.
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PMID:Nitric oxide synthase--its distribution and alteration in the intramural ganglia of the urinary bladder in normal and urethra-obstructed guinea pigs. 1037 26

Male rat copulatory ability decreases dramatically following castration. This may be due in part to the impairment of medial preoptic area (MPOA) dopamine (DA) release. Previous studies showed that extracellular DA levels in the MPOA of castrates were lower than in intact males, both during basal conditions and in the presence of a receptive female. However, tissue levels of DA in the MPOA were higher in castrates than in intact males, suggesting that DA synthesis may be normal or increased in castrates, but that release may be compromised. The current study found that neither long term (2 months) nor short term (2 weeks) castration had any effect on the number of neurons in the DA A(14) area that were immunoreactive (ir) for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate limiting enzyme for DA synthesis. Therefore, castration may not affect DA synthesis in the MPOA. Tissue levels of neurotransmitter reflect release, as well as synthesis. We previously reported that nitric oxide (NO) may increase DA release in the MPOA. The present study tested whether castration affected the number of NO producing cells in the MPOA. Long term, but not short term, castration significantly decreased the number of NADPH-d (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase) positive neurons and brain nitric oxide synthase immunoreactive (bNOS-ir) neurons in the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN). This suggests that in gonadally intact animals testosterone may activate NOS, which increases the production of NO. Long or short term castration had no effect on the numbers of bNOS-ir neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) or medial amygdala. However, short term castration decreased bNOS-ir neurons in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST). Thus, one means by which testosterone promotes male sexual behavior may be by increasing production of NO in the MPOA, which increases local DA release.
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PMID:Effects of testosterone on neuronal nitric oxide synthase and tyrosine hydroxylase. 1041 8

The neurochemical organization of the striosomal compartment in the human striatum was analyzed by histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques applied to postmortem tissue from normal individuals. The striosomes were delineated by using the following markers: acetylcholinesterase (AChE), enkephalin (ENK), substance P (SP), calbindin-D28k (CB), parvalbumin (PV), calretinin (CR), limbic system-associated membrane protein (LAMP), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and NADPH-diaphorase. Comparisons were made between striosomal boundaries, as outlined by each marker applied on adjacent sections, and particular attention was paid to possible variations in the chemical features of striosomes along the rostrocaudal extent of the striatum. The main findings of this study are as follows: 1) the striosomal compartment is composed of two chemically distinct domains: a core and a peripheral region; 2) the core is largely devoid of CB and displays a less intense staining for ENK and LAMP than the peripheral region; 3) although striosomes are largely devoid of AChE, the activity of this enzyme is slightly higher in the core than in the peripheral region; 4) the core and peripheral regions are weakly stained for PV and intensely stained for SP; 5) ChAT-, CR- and NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons are preferentially distributed in the peripheral region; 6) at rostral striatal levels, striosomes are largely devoid of TH, whereas the inverse is true caudally; and 7) at caudal striatal levels, the peripheral region of striosomes is intensely stained for CB and ChAT. These results demonstrate that the striosomes in human display a strikingly complex and heterogeneous chemical architecture.
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PMID:Chemical heterogeneity of the striosomal compartment in the human striatum. 1049 46

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression can be regulated under natural or experimental conditions. This work aims at elucidating whether the expression of nNOS or its related NADPH-diaphorase (ND) activity are modified by manipulation of the normal inputs to neurons. We used the olfactory bulbs from two mouse strains, BALB and CD1, because they show divergences in their synapse patterns, and these differences affect periglomerular cells, interneurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase or nNOS/ND. The olfactory inputs to these neurons can be disrupted by inhalation of methyl bromide. The effect of this gas on olfactory axons, as well as the synaptic features in both mouse strains, were studied using electron microscopy. The changes in expression were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively at different times after lesion to nine topographical regions of the olfactory bulb. Methyl bromide inhalation induced a degeneration of olfactory axons in both strains, but had different effects on the expression of nNOS/ND and tyrosine hydroxylase. In BALB mice, where periglomerular cells do not receive direct inputs from olfactory axons, no changes were detected in tyrosine hydroxylase or in ND expression. In CD1 periglomerular cells, where olfactory axons establish direct synapses, a significant down-regulation of both markers was observed. These changes were observed differentially across the olfactory bulb, being more pronounced in rostral regions and more acute for ND than for tyrosine hydroxylase. Our results indicate that the synaptic inputs influence the expression of ND activity related to nNOS and that the activation of the enzyme is more severely affected than its protein expression.
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PMID:Expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase/NADPH-diaphorase during olfactory deafferentation and regeneration. 1076 49

The morphological organization of the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus, midbrain extrapyramidal area, substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus and their interrelationships were studied in rat organotypic culture using immunohistochemistry and NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. Three coronal sections, one containing the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus/midbrain extrapyramidal area, another with the substantia nigra and the third with the subthalamic nucleus, were obtained from postnatal 1-2-day-old rats. These sections were co-cultured for 3-4 weeks using the roller-tube technique. In the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus/midbrain extrapyramidal area, the distribution pattern of cholinergic neurons was similar to that found in the in vivo study. We could, therefore, identify the subdivisions of the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus (i.e., pars compacta and pars dissipata) and the midbrain extrapyramidal area. As in the in vivo situation, glutamate immunoreactive neurons were also located in these areas. Approximately 10% of NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons in the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus, were glutamate immunoreactive. In the substantia nigra, as in the in vivo, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (putative dopaminergic) neurons were identified predominantly in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons (putative GABAergic) mainly in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. The subthalamic nucleus was ladened with glutamate immunoreactive neurons. NADPH-diaphorase stained axons originating from the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus were traced into the substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus. They were often in close apposition to tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra. Parvalbumin immunoreactive fibers from the substantia nigra projected heavily to the midbrain extrapyramidal area, but only sparsely to the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus and the subthalamic nucleus. These findings indicate that the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus/midbrain extrapyramidal area, substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus in the organotypic culture have retained a basic morphological organization and connectivity similar to those seen in the in vivo situation. Therefore, this preparation could be a useful model to conduct further studies to investigate functional circuits among the structures represented.
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PMID:Morphological study of the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus, substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus, and their interconnections in rat organotypic culture. 1090 98

To establish if olfactory bulb sensitivity to functional deprivation is related to the degree of development at birth, we studied the effects of surgical closure of one naris in the gerbil olfactory bulb development. The naris closure was performed at three different ages: at birth, P7 and P14 and maintained for 30 or 60 days. In coronal sections we measured total bulbar surface area and surface area of the different bulbar layers establishing an estimate multiple regression model for the percentage of surface area decrease in the deprived bulb related to non deprived one. The internal and external plexiform layers are the most sensitive layers to deprivation and age and duration of deprivation were factors in their mathematical models. The glomerular layer showed a surface reduction of about 25% without dependence either on age or duration. The deprived glomerular layer showed a much lower tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity and immunoreactive cell density than those in the non deprived one. However, differences in calbindin-immunoreactive and NADPH-diaphorase positive cell density between deprived and non deprived glomerular layer were not significant. Our results indicate that olfactory bulb sensitivity to functional deprivation is not related to the degree of precocity and changes in age and duration of deprivation cause different effects on the olfactory bulb layers.
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PMID:Effects of unilateral deprivation in postnatal development of the olfactory bulb in an altricial rodent, the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). 1091 3

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is the thalamic relay of retinal information to cortex. An extensive complement of nonretinal inputs to the LGN combine to modulate the responsiveness of relay cells to their retinal inputs, and thus control the transfer of visual information to cortex. These inputs have been studied in the most detail in the cat. The goal of the present study was to determine whether the neurotransmitters used by nonretinal afferents to the monkey LGN are similar to those identified in the cat. By combining the retrograde transport of tracers injected into the monkey LGN with immunocytochemical labeling for choline acetyl transferase, brain nitric oxide synthase, glutamic acid decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, or the histochemical nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase reaction, we determined that the organization of neurotransmitter inputs to the monkey LGN is strikingly similar to the patterns occurring in the cat. In particular, we found that the monkey LGN receives a significant cholinergic/nitrergic projection from the pedunculopontine tegmentum, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic projections from the thalamic reticular nucleus and pretectum, and a cholinergic projection from the parabigeminal nucleus. The major difference between the innervation of the LGN in the cat and the monkey is the absence of a noradrenergic projection to the monkey LGN. The segregation of the noradrenergic cells and cholinergic cells in the monkey brainstem also differs from the intermingled arrangement found in the cat brainstem. Our findings suggest that studies of basic mechanisms underlying the control of visual information flow through the LGN of the cat may relate directly to similar issues in primates, and ultimately, humans.
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PMID:Neurotransmitters contained in the subcortical extraretinal inputs to the monkey lateral geniculate nucleus. 1093 91

The innervation of porcine testes was studied in intact animals and in boars undergoing active immunization against gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by means of immunohistochemistry using antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (D beta H), vasoactive intestinal polypolypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5). Moreover, the distribution of luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors in clusters of Leydig cells was also investigated. To identify these cells easily, either the NADPH-diaphorase histochemical technique or the Mayer counter-staining procedure was applied. Differences in the distribution pattern and relative density of particular subsets of intratesticular nerve fibres were observed in immunized boars as compared to those found in the intact animals. In the testes of non-treated animals, only single TH-immunoreactive (TH-IR) nerve fibres were observed. However, many D beta H-IR nerve terminals surrounded blood vessels in the tunica albuginea and parenchyma. Very scarce VIP-IR nerves occurred only in the tunica albuginea, mainly in close vicinity to blood vessels. Immunoreactivity to NPY occurred in single nerve fibres. Immunoreactivity to SNAP-25 and PGP 9.5 was found in single nerve fibres distributed mainly in the tunica albuginea. The interstitial cells were heavily stained for LH-receptors and NADPH-diaphorase. In the testes of immunized animals, only single TH-IR nerve fibres, scattered mainly in the tunica albuginea, were observed. Some TH-IR nerve terminals were also encountered in the parenchyma of the organ, where they were always associated with blood vessels. D beta H-IR nerve fibres formed a dense network distributed throughout the testis in association with the capsule, vasculature and interstitium. Some fibres were observed to run between seminiferous tubules. VIP-IR nerve fibres were located in the neighbourhood of blood vessels in the tunica albuginea and parenchyma. Only single VIP-IR nerves were found between seminiferous tubules. Numerous NPY-IR nerve fibres occurred in the tunica albuginea and parenchyma of the organ. SNAP-25-IR and PGP 9.5-IR nerve terminals formed a dense network distributed throughout the testis and many fibres were observed between seminiferous tubules. Interstitial cells were very weakly stained for LH receptors or NADPH-diaphorase.
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PMID:Has active immunization against gonadotrophin-releasing hormone any effect on testis innervation in the pig? An immunohistochemical study. 1100 73

The histochemistry of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) and immunoreactivity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS-IR) can be demonstrated in various cell types of the vertebrate retina. In this study, we have focused on characterizing the different NADPH-d-positive amacrine cell types in turtle retina. Cryostat sections were examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy for double immunofluorescence with antibodies against nNOS and either GABA or glycine, or by combining histochemistry with immunocytochemistry to obtain triple labeling with NADPH-d, GABA, and glycine. Forty-eight percent of the NADPH-d-labeled amacrine cells colocalized GABA, 52% glycine. Here we show that two morphologically different types of amacrine cell are nNOS/glycine-IR and three types are nNOS/GABA-IR. Antibodies against calretinin, parvalbumin, somatostatin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and choline acetyltransferase did not colocalize with nNOS-IR or NADPH-d-labeled amacrine cells, but 15% of the NOS-labeled amacrine cells showed immunoreactivity against calbindin. Only GABA has been seen to colocalize with NADPH-d in amacrine cells in previous reports in other species. The finding here of glycine colocalizing with NO-containing cells is novel. We suggest that NO, apart from its well known function in gap junction regulation, can also modulate the release of both GABA and glycine in the turtle retina.
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PMID:Morphological and neurochemical diversity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-positive amacrine cells in the turtle retina. 1107 11

The gut of silver eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) was investigated in order to describe both the cholinergic and adrenergic intramural innervations, and the localization of possible accessory neuromediators. Histochemical reactions for the demonstration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form-(NADPH-)diaphorase and acetylcholinesterase (AChEase) were performed, as well as the immunohistochemical testing of tyrosine hydroxylase, met-enkephalin, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), bombesin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin, cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8), serotonin, cholineacetyl transferase. The results evidenced a different pattern in comparison with other vertebrates, namely mammals, and with other fish. Both NADPH-diaphorase and AChEase activities were histochemically detected all along the gut in the myenteric plexus, the inner musculature and the propria-submucosa. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was observed in the intestinal tract only, both in the myenteric plexus and in the inner musculature. Several neuropeptides (metenkephalin, CGRP, bombesin, substance P, VIP, NPY, somatostatin) were, in addition, detected in the intramural innervation; some of them also in epithelial cells of the diffuse endocrine system (met-enkephalin, substance P, NPY, somatostatin). Serotonin was only present in endocrine cells. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was present in localizations similar to those of NADPH-diaphorase-reactivity, and in the same nerve bundles in which substance P- and CGRP-like-immunoreactivities were detectable in the intestinal tract. In addition, NADPH-diaphorase-reactive neurons showed an anatomical relationship with AChEase-reactive nerve terminals, and a similar relationship existed between the latter and substance P-like immunoreactivity.
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PMID:Neurotransmitters and putative neuromodulators in the gut of Anguilla anguilla (L.). Localizations in the enteric nervous and endocrine systems. 1109 1


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