Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.6.99.1 (NADPH-diaphorase)
 3,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of the enzyme NADPH-diaphorase in the rat basal forebrain was examined in relation to the neuropeptide galanin and the neurotransmitter synthetic enzyme choline acetyltransferase. Immunoperoxidase staining permitted camera lucida mapping of galanin and choline acetyltransferase distributions in serial sections through the basal forebrain for comparison with adjacent sections prepared for NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. Photographs of sections subjected to indirect immunofluorescence for galanin and choline acetyltransferase were compared to photographs of the same sections taken after NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. This permitted the direct investigation of co-localization within the cholinergic basal forebrain. The distributions of choline acetyltransferase- and galanin-immunoreactive neurons in the basal forebrain agreed with previous descriptions. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry selectively stained a population of magnocellular basal forebrain neurons with a distribution similar to that observed with galanin immunohistochemistry. Double and triple staining experiments indicated that NADPH-diaphorase labels a majority of the magnocellular cholinergic neurons in the medial septum and diagonal band nuclei. Most of these neurons also contain galanin immunoreactivity. However, small populations of galanin-positive/diaphorase-negative or diaphorase-positive/galanin-negative cholinergic neurons were also observed. In the more caudal portions of the cholinergic basal forebrain, very few galanin or NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons were observed. Thus, galanin and NADPH-diaphorase coexist in the majority of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in the regions innervating limbic structures. The neocortically projecting cholinergic cells in the caudal basal forebrain appear to lack these other neurochemical markers.
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PMID:Galanin and NADPH-diaphorase coexistence in cholinergic neurons of the rat basal forebrain. 171 7

The distribution of galanin was investigated at the light microscopic level in the human distal colon using immunocytochemical techniques. Galanin-like immunoreactivity was seen in nerve cell bodies in ganglia of the myenteric and submucous plexuses and in nerve fibres innervating all the muscle layers of the colon, the lamina propria, and epithelial cells at the base of crypts or lining the colonic lumen. Immunoreactivity was more intense in the circular muscle than in the longitudinal muscle or the muscularis mucosae. Immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were much scarcer in the myenteric than in the submucous plexus. Within subdivisions of the submucous plexus, galanin-like immunoreactivity was heterogeneously distributed. In Henle's plexus and Meissner's plexus 82-83% of galanin-positive cell bodies were up to 360 microns 2 in profile-area, but in the intermediate plexus nearly all (99.8%) were below 360 microns 2. The frequency-distribution of cell body area of galanin-containing nerve cell bodies was similar for Henle's plexus and Meissner's plexus but these two plexuses contain different size-populations of neurons when stained for NADH-diaphorase activity. Galanin-like immunoreactive nerve fibres were found in the plexus entericus (submucosus) extremus, and this is the first report of neuropeptide in this location.
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PMID:Galanin-like immunoreactivity in enteric neurons of the human colon. 248 38

These experiments were designed to examine the distribution of galanin-like peptide immunoreactivity (GAL-IR) in bullfrog sympathetic preganglionic neurons and to identify the peripheral target organs affected by these neurons. Cells expressing GAL-IR were observed in the intermediolateral column of segments 7 and 8 only. Apparent GAL-IR innervation is present, but rare, in sympathetic chain ganglia. Double-labelling with retrogradely transported fast blue and galanin antiserum demonstrated that most GAL-IR neurons project via splanchnic nerves to innervate the adrenal gland, which receives a dense plexus of GAL-IR fibers surrounding chromaffin cells. The adrenal gland is also innervated by preganglionic neurons in segments 5 and 6 that do not express GAL-IR. Because nitric oxide is expressed in sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons in mammals (Anderson, C.R., Neurosci. Lett., 139 (1992) 280), we examined whether it is expressed in bullfrog preganglionic neurons. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase positive neurons are present in bullfrog spinal grey at segments 5 through 8. These neurons were not double-labelled with fast blue retrogradely transported from the sympathetic chain, celiac ganglion, or adrenal gland; nor were they double-labelled with GAL-antiserum. Thus nitric oxide is apparently not expressed in bullfrog sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
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PMID:Segmental restriction and target specificity of bullfrog preganglionic neurons that exhibit galanin-like immunoreactivity. 750 58

The projections of galanin (GAL)- and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-immunoreactive (IR) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing neurons in the small and large intestines of the amphibian Bufo marinus were investigated by their reactions to surgical interruption (myotomy). In the small intestine, myotomy caused accumulation of GAL- and VIP-IR and of NADPH diaphorase reaction product (revealing NOS) in cut axons on the oral side of the operation site. On the anal side there was loss of GAL-IR axons from the circular muscle and myenteric plexus and long, anally directed processes could be traced from GAL-IR nerve cell bodies. There was no significant loss of VIP-IR or NADPH diaphorase from nerve fibres in the myenteric plexus or circular muscle layer, although anally-directed axons could be traced from nerve cell bodies on the anal side of the operation sites. In the large intestine, myotomy caused accumulation of VIP-IR and of NADPH diaphorase reaction product in cut axons on the oral side of the operation site. Anal to the cut, although there was no significant loss of these fibres from the muscle or myenteric plexus, anally directed axons could be traced from nerve cell bodies. GAL-IR fibres in the large intestine are of two types: a few contain GAL-IR alone and are thought to arise from enteric neurons; many contain both GAL- and SOM-IR and are thought to arise from nerve cell bodies in the hindgut. Myotomy caused an accumulation of GAL/SOM-IR material in fibres on the anal side of the cut and a substantial decrease in the number of fibres on the oral side. There was no detectable effect of myotomy on the GAL-IR fibres, although an abnormally high density of GAL-IR nerve cell bodies was found oral to the cut. These results indicate that VIP-IR and NOS-containing enteric neurons project in an oral to anal direction in the toad small and large intestines. Some of the neurons have short anal projections to the circular muscle. GAL-IR enteric neurons have similar projections in the small intestine, but their projections could not be determined in the large intestine. GAL/SOM-IR axons in the large intestine project from anal to oral. Myotomy in the large intestine appears to induce an increased or de novo expression of GAL-IR in enteric neurons oral to the cut.
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PMID:Projections of nitric oxide synthase- and peptide-containing neurons in the small and large intestines of the toad (Bufo marinus). 750 24

The arrangement of the enteric nerve plexuses, and the distributions and projections of chemically specified neurons in the proximal colon of the guinea-pig were studied. The neural plexuses were examined using immunoreactivity to neuron specific enolase, and individual subpopulations were studied using antibodies raised against vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), enkephalin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), galanin, somatostatin, calbindin and calretinin. Nitric oxide producing neurons were studied using NADPH diaphorase histochemistry. The myenteric and submucous plexuses were not uniform around the entire circumference; at the mesenteric aspect of the colon there was almost no longitudinal muscle and the circular muscle was unusually thick and cord-like. In this region there was no tertiary plexus of fibres, and the ganglia of the myenteric and submucous plexuses were elongated in the direction of the circular muscle. Neuronal pathways within the antimesenteric aspect of the colon were investigated using nerve lesioning procedures. VIP, GRP, galanin, calbindin and NADPH diaphorase containing neurons lay in anally projecting pathways within the myenteric plexus, while enkephalin and somatostatin appeared in orally projecting nerve pathways. Few NPY immunoreactive nerve cells were found in the myenteric plexus of the proximal colon. The longitudinal muscle was innervated with VIP, SP, enkephalin and NADPH diaphorase containing fibres. The circular muscle was innervated by axons containing all substances investigated except NPY. Galanin, NPY, somatostatin and VIP fibres, all particularly dense in the mucosa, largely arose from nerve cell bodies in the submucous plexus. The results of the present study indicate that chemically specified neuronal populations in the proximal colon of the guinea-pig are more similar to the distal colon than the ileum, but that neuro-chemical and anatomical differences exist between the proximal and distal colon.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical analysis of neurons and their projections in the proximal colon of the guinea-pig. 751 May 7

Pancreatic ganglia are innervated by neurons in the gut and are formed by precursor cells that migrate into the pancreas from the bowel. The innervation of the pancreas, therefore, may be considered an extension of the enteric nervous system. NADPH-diaphorase is present in a subset of enteric neurons. We investigated the presence of NADPH-diaphorase in the enteropancreatic innervation, the contribution of extrinsic nerves to the NADPH-diaphorase-containing fibers of the gut and pancreas, and the coincident expression of NADPH-diaphorase NADPH-diaphorase in intrinsic neurons of these organs with neuropeptides. The possible role of nitric oxide in the neural regulation of pancreatic secretion was studied in isolated pancreatic lobules. Neuronal perikarya with NADPH-diaphorase activity were found in both Dogiel type I and type II neurons of the myenteric plexus of the stomach and duodenum. All galanin (GAL)-immunoreactive neurons and a small subset of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive neurons contained NADPH-diaphorase activity. NADPH-diaphorase activity was also found in a subset of VIP and NPY-immunoreactive pancreatic neurons. Retrograde tracing with FluoroGold established that NADPH-diaphorase-containing neurons in the bowel project to the pancreas. NADPH-diaphorase-containing fibers were also found to be provided to both organs by neurons in dorsal root ganglia. Secretion of amylase was evoked by L-arginine. This effect was prevented by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), which also inhibited VIP-stimulated secretion of amylase; however, L-NNA had no effect on amylase secretion stimulated by carbachol. These results provide support for the hypothesis that nitric oxide plays a role in the neural regulation of pancreatic secretion.
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PMID:NADPH diaphorase (nitric oxide synthase)-containing nerves in the enteropancreatic innervation: sources, co-stored neuropeptides, and pancreatic function. 751 4

The architecture and neurochemistry of the enteric nervous system was studied by use of whole-mount preparations obtained by microdissection of the horse jejunum. A myenteric plexus and two plexuses within the submucosa were identified. The external submucosal plexus lying in the outermost region of the submucosa had both neural and vascular connections with the inner submucosal plexus situated closer to the mucosa. Counts of neurones stained for NADH-diaphorase demonstrated the wide variation in size, shape and neurone content of individual ganglia in both the external and internal submucosal plexuses. The average number of cells/ganglion was similar in each plexus (about 25 cells). Immunoreactivities for galanin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y were observed in nerve cell bodies and fibres of each of the plexuses. Immunoreactivity for substance P was extensive and strong in nerve fibres of all plexuses but was weaker in cell bodies of the submucosal neurones and absent in the cell bodies of the myenteric plexus. Comparative quantitative analysis of immunoreactive cell populations with total cell numbers (enzyme staining) was indicative of neuropeptide colocalization in the external submucosal plexus.
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PMID:Structural organization and neuropeptide distributions in the equine enteric nervous system: an immunohistochemical study using whole-mount preparations from the small intestine. 752 Mar 62

The behavioral, biochemical, histological, and electrophysiological effects of a basal forebrain injection of saporin, a ribosome-inactivating protein, coupled to a monoclonal antibody against the low-affinity NGF receptor (192 IgG) were investigated in adult rats. Within the basal forebrain region, the low-affinity NGF receptor is exclusively expressed by cholinergic neurons in the medial septal area, diagonal band, and nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM). The presence of this receptor upon these cells confers a degree of specificity to the 192 IgG-saporin that could not previously be achieved by previous lesioning techniques, such as excitatory amino acids. Rats with unilateral injections of different amounts of 192 IgG-saporin were prepared to determine the optimal conditions in order to produce a lesion restricted to the NBM that would not destroy cholinergic afferents to hippocampus or nearby regions. Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were taken from these lesioned rats before and during treatment with scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Another group of rats received bilateral NBM injections of 192 IgG-saporin and were behaviorally tested using a rewarded, delayed-alternation task on a T-maze and a passive avoidance task. Finally, histological and biochemical investigations confirmed the effectiveness and specificity of the 192 IgG-saporin. The results showed that the 192 IgG-saporin did not destroy neurotensin, galanin, somatostatin, NADPH-diaphorase, or neuropeptide Y neurons within the NBM. Also, biomarkers of cholinergic function were significantly decreased throughout the neocortex and within the NBM, but not in the olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, or dorsal caudate nucleus. Intraperitoneal injections of scopolamine, but not NBM injections of 192 IgG-saporin, increased total power across all frequency bands; however, slow-wave frequencies showed a greater increase in power as compared to fast-wave frequencies. Acquisition, and performance of the delayed-alternation or passive avoidance tasks were not impaired by the lesions. These data confirm the effectiveness and specificity of this novel lesioning tool and suggest that selective loss of NBM cholinergic cells is not sufficient to impair performance in these behavioral tasks.
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PMID:Behavioral, biochemical, histological, and electrophysiological effects of 192 IgG-saporin injections into the basal forebrain of rats. 752 30

The distribution, colocalisation, and interconnections of nitrinergic and peptidergic neurons and nerves in the human oesophagus were examined. Cryosections of surgically resected tissues from eight subjects were studied with indirect immunofluorescence for the presence of 11 neuropeptides and neuron specific enolase. After immunohistochemistry, nitric oxide synthase was shown on the same sections with the beta nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase histochemical reaction. The histochemical findings were verified immunohistochemically on other sections with an antiserum against nitric oxide synthase. Most myenteric neurons (55%) were nitrinergic. Most (96%) received terminations positive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) (80%), and galanin (59%). The neuronal somata of 14% also contained VIP, while 10% had galanin. Of the NADPH-diaphorase containing fibers seen in the muscle layers, many had closely associated VIP and galanin, but only rarely CGRP and substance P. Thus, despite abundant representation of both peptidergic and nitrinergic systems in oesophageal smooth muscle, only VIP and galanin colocalised to any significant extent with the nitrinergic elements. These findings provide morphological support for the role of nitric oxide as the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic inhibitory mediator in the human oesophagus and for its possible interactive role with the peptidergic system.
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PMID:Nitrinergic and peptidergic innervation of the human oesophagus. 753 Feb 28

The presence and topographical distribution of nitrergic neurons in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the pig small intestine have been investigated by means of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunocytochemistry and nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry. Both techniques yielded similar results, thus confirming that within the pig ENS the neuronal isoform of NOS corresponds to NADPHd. Intrinsic nitrergic neurons were not confined to the myenteric plexus; considerable numbers were also present in the outer submucous plexus. In the inner submucous plexus, NOS immunoreactivity or NADPHd staining was restricted to a few nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies. The nitrergic neurons displayed a wide variety in size and shape, but could all be characterized as being multidendritic uniaxonal. Nerve lesion experiments showed that the majority of the myenteric nitrergic neurons project in an anal direction. Evidence is at hand to show that a substantial proportion of these neurons contribute to the dense nitrergic innervation of the tertiary plexus and the circular smooth muscle layer. Some of the nitrergic neurons of the outer submucous plexus were equally found to send their axons towards the circular muscle layer. In some of the nitrergic enteric neurons, VIP, neuropeptide Y, galanin or protein 10 occurred colocalized, but not calbindin or serotonin. The present findings provide morphological evidence for the presence of NOS in a proportion of the enteric neurons in the small intestine of a large omnivorous mammal, i.e. the pig. The topographical features of the staining patterns of NOS and NADPHd are in accord with the results of neuropharmacological studies and argue for the existence of distinct nitrergic subpopulations acting either as interneurons or as motor neurons.
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PMID:Distribution pattern, neurochemical features and projections of nitrergic neurons in the pig small intestine. 753 Apr 11


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