Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.99.1 (NADPH-diaphorase)
3,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) was differentiated into multiple subdivisions (dorsal cap, intergeniculate leaflet, parvicellular segment, and internal and external magnocellular laminae, the latter being further divisible into a lateral and medial division) on the basis of retinal projections, immunochemistry, and histochemistry. Retinal projections traced with intravitreal injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase revealed direct bilateral input to all subregions of the vLGN, except for the internal magnocellular lamina (which received only contralateral input) and the parvicellular segment (which was not retinorecipient). Furthermore, retinal inputs clearly distinguished the relatively heavily retinorecipient intergeniculate leaflet from the less prominently labeled dorsal cap. Immunohistochemical localization of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) perikarya revealed their prominence in the intergeniculate leaflet and the external magnocellular laminae with a concentration along the optic tract. NPY immunoreactive fibers were seen in all but the parvicellular subregion. Gamma amino butyric acid immunoreactivity was seen throughout the vLGN, but was most concentrated in the dorsal cap and the magnocellular laminae, followed by the intergeniculate leaflet. Histochemical studies of cytochrome oxidase and nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase localization revealed similar patterns of dense reactivity within the external magnocellular lamina, intergeniculate leaflet and dorsal cap, and somewhat less dense, but substantial reactivity in the internal magnocellular lamina. Within the external magnocellular lamina, cells reactive for cytochrome oxidase were noted in the lateral portion bordering the optic tract, whereas those specific for NADPH-diaphorase were dispersed throughout the lamina. Poor reactivity for both histochemical markers was evident in the parvicellular segment. Overall, the markedly different patterns of retinal input and neurochemical organization between the subdivisions of the tree shrew vLGN suggest their involvement in diverse functions. Furthermore, the basic similarity of the organization of the tree shrew vLGN to that of the taxonomically unrelated ground squirrel may indicate a common mammalian scheme.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical organization of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus in the tree shrew. 131 86

The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus) is a highly differentiated nucleus that is divisible into five major subdivisions on the basis of retinal projections and cytoarchitecture. To pursue the likelihood that these subdivisions (the dorsal cap, intergeniculate leaflet, external magnocellular lamina, internal magnocellular lamina, and parvicellular segment) correlate with the functional diversity of this complex, the present study examined the neurochemical composition of the vLGN with regard to substances that have previously proved useful in distinguishing functionally distinct subregions within nuclei (i.e., neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), leucine and methionine enkephalins, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), cytochrome oxidase (CO), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and NADPH-diaphorase). The results showed a clear differential neurochemical distribution within the nucleus. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactive perikarya were found predominantly in the intergeniculate leaflet and external magnocellular lamina, with only a few present in the internal magnocellular lamina and dorsal cap, and none observed in the parvicellular segment. NPY+ fibers, however, were present in all divisions except the parvicellular segment. The highest concentration of SP immunoreactive cells was observed in the internal magnocellular lamina, and substantial numbers also were scattered in the external magnocellular lamina and parvicellular segment. SP+ fibers were seen predominantly in the intergeniculate leaflet and the magnocellular laminae. The heaviest concentration of enkephalinergic fibers occurred in the internal magnocellular lamina and dorsal cap, but fibers were also observed in the external magnocellular lamina and intergeniculate leaflet. GABA reactivity was widespread throughout the vLGN, with the dorsal cap and external magnocellular lamina most heavily labeled, followed by the intergeniculate leaflet and the internal magnocellular lamina. Cytochrome oxidase, AChE, and NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry revealed rich reactivity within the dorsal cap, and external and internal magnocellular laminae and paler reactivity in the intergeniculate leaflet and parvicellular segment. The external magnocellular lamina was more reactive for CO and NADPH-diaphorase than AChE, while the internal magnocellular lamina showed the opposite pattern of reactivity. In addition, NADPH-diaphorase reactive cells were present in caudal intergeniculate leaflet and lateral external magnocellular lamina. These local differences in the neurochemical character of the vLGN support its parcellation into multiple subdivisions. Taken in conjunction with the differences in cytoarchitecture and retinal projections, these results suggest substantial functional diversity within the ventral lateral geniculate complex.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical organization of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus in the ground squirrel. 137 67

Neuropeptide Y and somatostatin immunoreactive neurons and processes were examined in human striatum using both immunofluorescence and avidin biotin immunoperoxidase methods. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase activity was histochemically determined by the reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium. Immunofluorescence using a monoclonal anti-somatostatin antibody and a polyclonal anti-neuropeptide Y antibody, followed by diaphorase histochemistry, showed that these three neurochemical markers are co-localized in a single population of medium-sized aspiny intrinsic neurons. Cells were evenly distributed in clusters throughout the striatum, but fiber density was higher in the nucleus accumbens and ventromedial regions of the caudate and putamen. Double-stained reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase-acetylcholinesterase sections demonstrated that these neurons are located in zones of high acetylcholinesterase activity, often at the interface of these zones with regions of low enzyme activity. These biochemically distinctive neurons are uniquely situated to modulate activity between striatal compartments. Our findings provide new information about the modular organization of the striatum and extend these observations in human brain.
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PMID:Neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase in the human striatum: a combined immunocytochemical and enzyme histochemical study. 288 80

Somatostatin and neuropeptide Y are two neuropeptides that are of particular interest in Alzheimer's disease because they are reported to be depleted in cerebral cortex. In the present study we examined somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase neurons in nine cortical regions in both normal and Alzheimer's disease brains. These three neurochemical markers show a high degree of co-localization (greater than 90%) in nonpyramidal neurons that are primarily distributed in cortical layers II-III, V-VI, and, most prominently, in infracortical white matter. The highest cell density was in temporal and parietal association cortex. The major morphological abnormality in Alzheimer's disease brains was a marked pruning and distortion of fiber plexuses with an apparent reduction in fiber density. In contrast, perikaryal density was preserved except for a reduction in parietal association cortex. Approximately 10 to 15% of senile plaques in the inferior temporal gyrus contained abnormal neurites. Additional abnormal collections of neurites without plaque cores were frequently found in layers II-III and V-VI. Neuropeptide Y and somatostatin were co-localized in abnormal neurites, suggesting an origin from local intrinsic neurons in which the two peptides are co-localized. Double immunofluorescence staining for both tau protein, a major antigenic component of paired helical filaments, and either somatostatin or neuropeptide Y showed that these neurons do not contain tau-immunoreactive neurofibrillary tangles. The morphological correlate of reduced somatostatin and neuropeptide Y content in Alzheimer's disease brain therefore appears to be a distortion and reduction in fiber plexuses. In addition, it is apparent that these neurons can develop widespread morphological abnormalities in the absence of neurofibrillary tangle formation.
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PMID:Cortical somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and NADPH diaphorase neurons: normal anatomy and alterations in Alzheimer's disease. 289 22

The cellular abundance of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and somatostatin messenger RNAs was compared in the caudate nucleus, putamen and sensorimotor cortex of Huntington's disease and control cases. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA was significantly decreased in the caudate nucleus and putamen, but not in the sensorimotor cortex in Huntington's disease; the decrease in neuronal nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA became more pronounced with the severity of the disease. Somatostatin gene expression was significantly decreased in the dorsal putamen in Huntington's disease, but was essentially unchanged in all other regions examined. The density of neurons expressing detectable levels of neuronal nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA was reduced in the striata of Huntington's disease cases with advanced pathology; the density of neurons expressing detectable levels of somatostatin messenger RNA was similar in control and Huntington's disease cases. Neuropeptide Y-, somatostatin- and NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons were consistently present throughout the striatum across all the grades of the disease. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase and NADPH-diaphorase activity (a histochemical marker for nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons) co-localize with somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in interneurons in the human striatum and cerebral cortex. Although the neurodegeneration associated with Huntington's disease is most evident in the striatum (particularly the dorsal regions), neuronal nitric oxide synthase/neuropeptide Y/somatostatin interneurons are relatively spared. Nitric oxide released by neuronal nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons may mediate glutamate-induced excitotoxic cell death, a mechanism proposed to be instrumental in causing the neurodegeneration seen in Huntington's disease. The results described here suggest that although the population of interneurons containing somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and neuronal nitric oxide synthase do survive in the striatum in Huntington's disease they are damaged during the course of the disease. The results also show that the reduction in neuronal nitric oxide synthase and somatostatin messenger RNAs is most pronounced in the more severely affected dorsal regions of the striatum. Furthermore, the loss of neuronal nitric oxide messenger RNA becomes more pronounced with the severity of the disease; thus implying a down-regulation in neuronal nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA synthesis, and potentially neuronal nitric oxide synthase protein levels, in Huntington's disease.
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PMID:Decreased neuronal nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA and somatostatin messenger RNA in the striatum of Huntington's disease. 873 28

We investigated the distribution of parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory perivascular nerve fibers in rabbit cephalic arteries supplying the brain, exocrine glands, nasal mucosa, masseter muscles, tongue, and skin in the face and also examined cranial autonomic and sensory ganglia. NADPH diaphorase (NADPHd)-positive and vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactive (VIP-LI) neurons were located in the cranial parasympathetic ganglia. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-LI neurons occurred mainly, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH)-LI neurons occurred exclusively, in the superior cervical (sympathetic) ganglion. Substance P (SP)-LI and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-LI neurons occurred only in the trigeminal (sensory) ganglion. Therefore, it was assumed that NADPHd-positive and VIP-LI perivascular nerve fibers in cephalic arteries were parasympathetic, all DBH-LI and most NPY-LI fibers were sympathetic, and SP-LI and CGRP-LI fibers were sensory in nature. In the cerebral arteries, NADPHd-positive and VIP-LI varicose fibers were more numerous in the rostral than in the caudal half of the Circle of Willis. In the extracranial arteries, NADPHd-positive and VIP-LI fibers were most abundant in the lingual, lacrimal, and supraorbital arteries; sparse in the parotid and submandibular arteries; and absent in the ear artery. There was an obvious proximal-to-distal density gradient along individual cephalic arterial trees. In contrast, DBH-LI, NPY-LI, SP-LI, and CGRP-LI varicose nerve fibers were similar in density in all cephalic arteries and their branches. These neuroanatomical findings suggest that differential parasympathetic innervation in cephalic arteries may play a role in the partitioning of blood flow between different cephalic tissues.
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PMID:Parasympathetic innervation of cephalic arteries in rabbits: comparison with sympathetic and sensory innervation. 941 8

Nitrergic and peptidergic innervation of the chick thymus was studied using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and anti-nitric oxide synthase (NOS) antibodies stained both nerve fibres and 'neuron-like' cells located in the septal connective tissue. NADPH-d and NOS were partially colocalised. Staining of NADPH-d positive neuron-like cells with the neuronal marker, neuron specific enolase, confirmed the neuronal nature of these cells. Antibodies against vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) were used to map the peptidergic innervation of the chick thymus. The distribution of nerve fibres staining for the various neuroactive chemicals in specific thymic compartments was non-uniform. Out of all the peptides, VIP-containing nerves appeared to be the most abundant. In addition, double-labeling of the thymic sections revealed that VIP and NADPH-d were colocalised in the neuronal structures. Immunostaining of the chick embryos demonstrated that VIP, NPY, SP and CGRP were first expressed in the chick thymus during late ontogeny. The significance of these novel findings was discussed.
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PMID:Nitrergic, peptidergic and substance P innervation of the chick thymus. 947 19

The distribution and role of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in laryngeal innervation are reviewed, and our recent findings regarding the nitrergic innervation of the larynx are demonstrated for the better understanding of the complexity of the laryngeal innervation system. Noradrenergic innervation of the larynx was studied with fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy after application of 5-hydroxydopamine. These studies confirmed the existence of noradrenergic innervation for the submucosal glands and blood vessels, and the origin and course of noradrenergic nerve fibers contained in the laryngeal nerves and their destinations in the larynx. Cholinergic innervation of the larynx has not been clarified in detail. Many kinds of neuropeptides have been demonstrated to be involved in laryngeal innervation. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide originating from intralaryngeal ganglionic neurons participates in laryngeal vasodilation and reduction of laryngeal seromucous secretion. Neuropeptide Y nerve fibers are few in the larynx, and most originate from the superior cervical ganglion. They are distributed around the large or medium-sized blood vessels, especially arteries. They are also associated with excretory structures. Substance P was the first neuropeptide found to be a sensory neurotransmitter in the laryngeal afferent system. It is also involved in regulation of laryngeal blood flow and secretion. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is associated with the sensory, autonomic, and motor innervation of the larynx. The majority of enkephalin nerve fibers are located close to excretory structures, although no information on the physiological significance of enkephalin is available. In addition to the above neuropeptides, the peptides histidine isoleucine, histidine methionine, and helospectin have been shown to exist in the larynx. The nitrergic innervation of the larynx has been recently studied with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and immunohistochemistry using antiserum against nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide originates from the neurons in the intralaryngeal ganglia and is believed to modulate blood flow and secretion of the larynx. It controls the laryngeal exocrine secretion in cooperation with intrinsic vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and/or extrinsic calcitonin gene-related peptide. Nitric oxide from the nodose ganglion may modulate nociception of the larynx. The existence of nitrergic neurons located in the intrinsic laryngeal muscles has been demonstrated. Many of them are bipolar or pseudounipolar, so they might be sensory in nature. The effect of injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve on the induction of nitric oxide synthase in the laryngeal motoneurons is also discussed.
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PMID:Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators involved in laryngeal innervation. 1115 58

Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived radical, which modulates synaptic plasticity, neuronal oscillations and cerebral blood flow. NOS-containing neurones can be detected anatomically by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry or by NOS immunohistochemistry. Neuropeptide Y(NPY) is the most abundant peptide in the brain. NPY is connected with several vital functions, such as a feeding behaviour, sexual maturation, regulation of circadian rhythms, body temperature, blood pressure and neuroendocrine secretions. Neuropeptide Y also modulates anxiety-related disorders, limbic epileptic seizures as well as learning and memory processes. The study was performed on 45 Wistar rats of various ages (PO, P4, P7, P10, P14, P21, P30, P60, and P120; P--postnatal day). The free-floating sections were stained with standard immunohistochemistry methods. Thereafter the histological sections were studied using the confocal laser microscope equipped. For 3D reconstruction the image analysis program LaserSharp 2000v. 2.0 (Bio-Rad, UK) was used. We found that in the newborn rat both NOS- and NPY-immunoreactivity was weak. It had been increasing gradually until the 7th day of postnatal life, after that until P14 it was maintained on the similar level, and then the number of immunolabelled cells deceased. The developmental changes concerned cell morphology as well--until the 10th day of life the immunoreactive cells were immature, with round or oval bodies and had only a few fibres. From P14 the cells' morphology became similar to that in adult.
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PMID:Distribution of nitric oxide synthase and neuropeptide Y neurones during the development of the hippocampal formation in the rat. 1272 88

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