Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.6.99.1 (NADPH-diaphorase)
 3,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The electrophoretic mobilities of 52 enzymes and proteins were used as measures of the genetic similarity between the sibling species Microtus arvalis and M. subarvalis. The two vole species differed in the electrophoretic mobilities of seven (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, diaphorase, lactate dehydrogenase-A, alpha-galactosidase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and hemoglobin) of these markers. This allowed us to accept the seven markers assayed as species-specific markers. Based on the frequency distribution of the genes at the polymorphic loci of M. arvalis and M. subarvalis, the degree of their genetic similarity was estimated as 0.312 and the genetic distance as 1.164 by Nei's formula. The estimates for genetic similarity were close to those obtained for species recognized as distinct.
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PMID:An estimation of the degree of the genetic divergence of sibling species Microtus arvalis and Microtus subarvalis (Rodentia) based on electrophoretic analysis. 639 94

The genetic structure of three Asiatic eskimos subpopulations (402 individuals), five coast chuckchies subpopulations (1793 individuals) and three reindeer chuckchies subpopulations (559 individuals) have been studied for 26 electrophoretic protein systems (33 loci). These are: adenilate-kinase (AK), diaphorase NAD X H (Dia), glyoxalase-1 (GLO-1), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (6GPT), glutamatpyruvate transaminase (GPT), glutamicoxalate transaminase (GOT), carbonic anhydrase-1 (Ca-1), catalase (Ct), acid phosphatase (AcP), lactate dehydrogenase (loci LDH-A and LDH-B), leucine aminopeptidase (Lap), malatedehydrogenase (MDH), purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), superoxide dismutase (Sod), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), phosphoglucomutase (loci PGM1 and PGM2), cholinesterase (loci c1--c5), alkaline phosphatase (Pp), esterase D (EsD), red cell esterase (Est) - 4 loci, albumin (Alb), haptoglobin (Hp), hemoglobine (Hb A and B), group-specific component (Gc), transferrin (Tf), ceruloplasmin (Cp). In addition, AB0 and Rh system blood groups and phenyl thiocarbamide taste sensitivity (PTC) have been studied. 12 of 36 loci are polymorphic (33.33%), heterozygosity for all loci in eskimos, coastal and reindeer chuckchies being 0.118 +/- 0.005, 0.130 +/- 0.002 and 0.120 +/- 0.004, respectively. These estimates do not differ essentially from heterozygosity at these loci for mongoloid groups living further south. The test for interpopulation heterogeneity has permitted to estimate contribution of the loci to the differentiation of these populations. The least heterogeneity has been found at loci where gene frequency distribution is the most specific for these ethnic groups.
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PMID:[Genetic structure of the populations of native inhabitants in the northeastern USSR. III. Asiatic Eskimos and the coast and reindeer Chukchi]. 643 3

We have extended the method of active-enzyme chromatography to include the use of broad zones of enzyme. This allows examination of interacting systems in a way formally analogous to sedimentation velocity so that simulation of the observed activity profiles is possible. The method has been applied using pyridine nucleotide-linked active enzyme assays. At the concentrations presently accessible by this technique, hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, both associating systems, show single symmetrical boundaries, as does isolated diaphorase, while pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases show more complex patterns, with the position of the reaction boundary for diaphorase activity being dependent on enzyme concentration.
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PMID:Broad-zone active-enzyme chromatography. Keto-acid dehydrogenases as associating systems. 668 56

Cytochemistry was used to examine the distribution of two pathways of utilization of hydrogen (Type I and Type II H) generated by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in circumventricular organs (CVOs) and the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in cryostat sections of rat brain. Type I H is defined as that portion of the total reducing equivalents (Total H) that is passed, in the intact cells, along the cytochrome chain (NADPH-diaphorase system). In the liver, energy from Type I H is used for cytochrome P-450-dependent oxidation of steroids, as well as xenobiotics. We proposed that mixed function oxidation, and therefore Type I H, would be preferentially localized in brain regions lacking a blood-brain barrier, such as CVOs and magnocellular cells with terminals in such brain regions. Type I H was identified in tissue sections using neotetrazolium. This reagent, when reduced, precipitates as formazan granules that can be quantified. The large difference in redox potential between NADPH and neotetrazolium ensures that only hydrogen (Type I H) passed in the intact cell along the cytochrome chain, can reduce the tetrazole. Total NADPH generation (Total H) from glucose-6-phosphate, was identified using medium containing phenazine methosulphate, a hydrogen acceptor that transfers all reducing equivalents from NADPH to the tetrazole. Type II H, the difference between Total and Type I H, is presumed to be used for NADPH-dependent biosynthetic functions such as lipid synthesis, or reduction of glutathione. In CVOs formazan granules indicative of Type I H were selectively concentrated and localized within cells throughout the SFO, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, pineal gland and in the apical cytoplasm of columnar ependymocytes in the subcommissural organ. Formazan granules attributable to Type I H were also prominent throughout the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. Reaction product was present in the cytoplasm of some magnocellular neurons in both the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, in the median eminence, including the zona interna, and in and between cells in the neurohypophysis. The distribution of NADPH-diaphorase in sections incubated with NADPH instead of glucose-6-phosphate was similar to that of Type I H. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that mixed function oxidation involving NADPH and the cytochrome chain occur in these brain regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Pathways of hydrogen utilization from NADPH generated by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in circumventricular organs and the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system: a cytochemical study. 669 40

In the early stages of experiments there was a structural-metabolic reconstruction in the adrenal cortex, manifest by changes in interzonal relations and dissociation of the activity of enzymes responsible for energy supply and synthesis of steroid hormones. Analogous changes were also seen later on. However, in the early stages that process was a response to the pancreas injury, whereas in the later period it preceded the emergence of repeated lesions in the gland. In animals with experimental pancreatitis, administration of metapyrone caused an activation of NAD-diaphorase in the glomerular and reticular zones and concurrent potentiation of the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in all 3 zones of the adrenal cortex.
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PMID:[Histoenzymological characteristics of the adrenal cortical reaction in variants of experimental pancreatitis]. 695 49

Results of histochemical study of testicular tissue in 31 patients, aged 2.5 to 31 years, suffering from dysgenesia syndrome of the testis are presented. Enzymes and lipids furnishing synthesis of steroid hormones (3-beta-oxysteroid dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. NAD- and NADP-diaphorase, cholesterol and its esters) were revealed in Leydig's cells of pubertal-juvenile and adult patients, in Leydig's cells precursors in children, and also in Sertoli's cells of all these patients. All these cellular elements possessed high activity of the enzymes under study. It is suggested that Sertoli cells and Leydig's cells precursors, along with mature Leydig's cells, provide a sufficiently high functional activity of the gonads in patients with dysgenesia of the testis.
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PMID:[Functional activity of gonadal glandular cells in patients with testicular dysgenesis]. 699 Apr 2

The epithelia of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract and their appendages contain a distinct population of disseminated epithelial cells called brush cells or caveolated cells. On the basis of their structure, it was suggested that brush cells might serve as chemo- or volume receptors that play a role in certain aspects of gastrointestinal and bronchopulmonary secretion or motility. In the present study we provide first clues to a possible function of this widespread epithelial cell type. Brush cells of the rat gastric cardia and major pancreatic duct display strong immunoreactivity for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and also exhibit high activity of NADPH-diaphorase. This NADPH-oxidizing activity was previously shown to be mediated by a specific domain of the sequence of the NOS. NADPH, in turn, appears to be delivered by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which we found in brush cells at particularly high levels. We conclude that brush cells of the stomach and pancreas may represent a specialized population of paracrine cells that use nitric oxide as a messenger molecule to control certain gastrointestinal functions.
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PMID:Nitric oxide synthase and NADP-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are co-localized in brush cells of rat stomach and pancreas. 752 87

In normal erythrocytes, small quantities of methaemoglobin are formed constantly and are continuously reduced, almost entirely by the reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NADH) diaphorase system, rather than the reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase system. Methaemoglobinaemias are usually the result of xenobiotics, either those that may directly oxidise haemoglobin or those that require metabolic activation to an oxidising species. The most clinically relevant direct methaemoglobin formers include local anaesthetics (such as benzocaine and, to a much lesser extent, prilocaine) as well as amyl nitrite and isobutyl nitrite, which have become drugs of abuse. Indirect, or metabolically activated, methaemoglobin formation by dapsone and primaquine may cause adverse reactions. The clinical consequences of methaemoglobinaemia are related to the blood level of methaemoglobin; dyspnoea, nausea and tachycardia occur at methaemoglobin levels of > or = 30%, while lethargy, stupor and deteriorating consciousness occur as methaemoglobin levels approach 55%. Higher levels may cause cardiac arrhythmias, circulatory failure and neurological depression, while levels of 70% are usually fatal. Cyanosis accompanied by a lack of responsiveness to 100% oxygen indicates a diagnosis of methaemoglobinaemia, which should be confirmed using a CO-oximeter. Pulse oximeters do not detect methaemoglobin and may give a misleading impression of patient oxygenation. Methaemoglobinaemia is treated with intravenous methylene blue (methyl-thioninium chloride; ;1 to 2 mg/kg of a 1% solution). If the patient does not respond, perhaps because of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency or continued presence of toxin, admission to an intensive care unit and exchange transfusion may be required. Dapsone-mediated chronic methaemoglobin formation can be reduced by coadministration of cimetidine to aid patient tolerance. Increasing knowledge and awareness of drug-mediated acute methaemoglobinaemia among physicians should lead to prompt diagnosis and treatment of this potentially life-threatening condition.
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PMID:Drug-induced methaemoglobinaemia. Treatment issues. 882 17

In the central nervous system nitric oxide appears to be critically involved in a number of physiological and pathological processes. Although there is convincing evidence for expression of nitric oxide synthase in cultured glial cells, demonstration of this enzyme in glial cells in situ remained largely unsatisfactory. In the present study we applied immunostaining to freeze-dried sections of snap-frozen hippocampi and cerebella of rats and to sections of freeze-dried brain tissue in order to minimize diffusion artefacts and thus to obtain more precise information about the true in situ localization of nitric oxide synthase. Here we show that astrocytes and Bergmann glia react strongly with antibodies raised against cerebellar nitric oxide synthase and against a type I nitric oxide synthase-specific C-terminal peptide, respectively. This finding was further substantiated by histochemical localization of NADPH-diaphorase activity in astrocytes and Bergmann glia as well as by immunoreactivity of both types of glia cells with antibodies to the NADPH-delivering enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. We conclude, that astrocytes are important sites of nitric oxide synthase I in brain, suggesting that these cells might use nitric oxide as gaseous messenger molecule for various aspects of glia-neuron signalling.
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PMID:Astrocytes and Bergmann glia as an important site of nitric oxide synthase I. 892 3

Rabbits given 1 ppm of vanadate in drinking water for twelve months showed (a) increased plasma levels of catecholamines (b) reduction of the arterial concentration of nitric oxide (c) lower activity of urine kallikrein and higher activities of urine kininases I and II and enkephalinase (d) reduced cardiac inotropism and augmented total peripheral resistance, with unchanged blood pressure levels (e) accumulation of the metal in the aorta and cardiac ventricles. Monoaminooxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were increased by vanadate in both kidney and liver and that of NADH-diaphorase in the kidney, in which NADPH-diaphorase activity was reduced. Some of the above results were also obtained in rats given 10 and 40 ppm of vanadate in drinking water for six-seven months; these animals showed arterial hypertension and reduced activity of Na, K-ATPase in the kidney. Vanadium appears to act on the cardiovascular function through selective neurohumoral, autacoidal and transductional mechanisms only in part depending on the species.
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PMID:[Neurohumoral, autacoid and transductional mechanisms in the cardiovascular effects of vanadate: histochemical correlations]. 937 36


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