Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:1.6.99.1 (NADPH-diaphorase)
3,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Stimulation of the nucleus magnocellularis (NMC) of the medulla produces changes in locomotion, muscle tone, heart rate, and blood pressure. Glutamatergic input has been found to modulate muscle tone, whereas cholinergic input has been found to mediate cardiovascular changes produced by stimulation of the NMC. The current study was designed to identify the brainstem afferents to NMC by using retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin and horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) combined with glutamate and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemical and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemical techniques. Fifty nanoliters of 2.5% WGA-HRP were microinjected into the NMC in the cat. A heavy density of WGA-HRP-labeled neurons was found in the ipsilateral mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF), periaqueductal gray, Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, and pontis centralis caudalis (PoC), in the contralateral pontis centralis oralis (PoO), and bilaterally in the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis. A moderate density of retrogradely labeled neurons was found in the ipsilateral side of the nuclei parvocellularis, retrorubral (RRN), PoO, and vestibular complex, in the contralateral PoC and nucleus gigantocellularis, and bilaterally in the inferior vestibular nucleus. Retrograde HRP/glutamate-positive cells could be found throughout the brainstem, with a high percentage in RRN, PoO, PoC, and MRF. Double-labeled WGA-HRP/ChAT neurons were found in the pedunculopontine nucleus. Double-labeled WGA-HRP/NADPH-d-positive neurons could be seen in many nuclei of the brainstem, although the number of labeled neurons was small. The dense glutamatergic projections to the NMC support the hypothesis that rostral brainstem glutamatergic mechanisms regulate muscle activity and locomotor coordination via the NMC, whereas the pontine cholinergic projections to the NMC participate in cardiovascular regulation.
...
PMID:Brainstem projections to the ventromedial medulla in cat: retrograde transport horseradish peroxidase and immunohistochemical studies. 1034 May 15

2-Amino-3-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (ACNQ) is a novel growth stimulator for bifidobacteria. The role of ACNQ as a mediator of the electron transfer from NAD(P)H to dioxygen (O(2)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), proposed in our previous paper, was examined using the cell-free extract and whole cells of Bifidobacterium longum. Continuous monitoring of ACNQ, O(2) and H(2)O(2) by several amperometric techniques has revealed that ACNQ works as a good electron acceptor of NAD(P)H diaphorase and that the reduced form of ACNQ is easily autoxidized and also acts as a better electron donor of NAD(P)H peroxidase than NAD(P)H. The generation of H(2)O(2) by B. longum under aerobic conditions is effectively suppressed in the presence of ACNQ. These ACNQ-mediated reactions would play roles as NAD(P)(+)-regeneration processes. The accumulation of ACNQ in the cytosol has been also suggested. These characteristics of ACNQ seem to be responsible for the growth stimulation of bifidobacteria. Vitamin K(3), which has an extremely low growth-stimulating activity and was used as a reference compound, exhibits much lower activity as an electron transfer mediator. The difference in the activity is discussed in terms of the redox potential and partition property of the quinones.
...
PMID:Role of 2-amino-3-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, a strong growth stimulator for bifidobacteria, as an electron transfer mediator for NAD(P)(+) regeneration in Bifidobacterium longum. 1043 42

The lizard tail regenerates after autotomy or amputation. After horseradish peroxidase injections in the regenerate, motoneurons were retrogradely labeled only in the three spinal segments rostral to the amputation, whose spinal nerves are severed by tail loss. The changes in these motoneurons, compared to those of lizards with original intact tails, were investigated 5, 15, and 30 days after caudotomy and at 8 months in lizards with mature regenerates. Morphometric analysis of Nissl-stained motoneurons rostral to the amputation revealed marked hypertrophy, peaking at 15 days, when chromatolysis and nuclear eccentricity were also evident; motoneuron perikarya remained significantly larger than in controls after tail regeneration. The dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) stain for apoptotic neurons did not reveal labeled cells in the spinal cord 5 and 15 days after caudotomy. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression was studied with nicotinamide adenine-dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemistry and evaluated quantitatively with densitometry. A few caudal spinal motoneurons were lightly stained in lizards with intact tails. Induction of NADPH-diaphorase positivity was evident in the vast majority of these cells 5 days after caudotomy and was very marked at 15 and 30 days, during tail regrowth. These data were confirmed by neuronal NOS immunohistochemistry. After tail regeneration, histochemical positivity was markedly down-regulated in the tail spinal motoneurons but persisted in the majority of these cells. The findings show that in the lizard caudotomy elicits in axotomized caudal spinal motoneurons NOS induction associated with plasticity phenomena and in particular with vigorous regeneration of axons that innervate the regrowing tail.
...
PMID:Plastic changes and nitric oxide synthase induction in neurons that innervate the regenerated tail of the lizard Gekko gecko: I. Response of spinal motoneurons to tail amputation and regeneration. 1066 Aug 88

The Madagascan lesser hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi) is a terrestrial, nocturnal insectivore with a low encephalization index and a huge olfactory bulb. To gain insight into the organization and evolution of olfactory regions in placental mammals, the cytoarchitecture (Nissl), neurochemical attributes [zinc and acetylcholinesterase stain, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPh)-diaphorase, and calcium-binding proteins], and interconnections (injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase and biotinylated dextran amine) of tenrec bulbar and retrobulbar regions were examined. The tenrec has a well-laminated main olfactory bulb, and modified (atypical) glomeruli are found that, to date, have been demonstrated only in murine rodents. Compared with the main olfactory bulb, the accessory bulb is relatively small, with clearly different staining characteristics, particularly with respect to NADPh-diaphorase, anticalbindin, and anticalretinin. External and central anterior olfactory nuclei also show characteristic cytoarchitectural and chemoarchitectural features. The medial olfactory peduncle seems to differ considerably from that in rodents. A small taenial structure can be separated from the hippocampal continuation. This taenia tecti presumably corresponds to the superior part of the tenia tecti in rodents, but no homologue of the rodent's prominent inferior taenia tecti could be found. The connections of bulbar and retrobulbar regions are similar to those seen in other mammals. Interbulbar projection systems connect the two olfactory bulbs through an external (topographic) and central (nontopographic) anterior nucleus; however, the topographic arrangement of the intrabulbar association system seems to differ from that seen in rodents. A reciprocity of direct olfactory bulb connections with the frontal (sulcal/orbital) cortex was found in the tenrec that has not been reported so far in other species.
...
PMID:Olfactory bulb and retrobulbar regions in the hedgehog tenrec: organization and interconnections. 1088 Sep 97

The lizard tail regenerates after amputation, which severs the spinal cord and spinal nerves. Dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) do not regenerate in the regrowing tail, which is innervated by DRGs rostral to the amputation. With Nissl staining, NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunohistochemistry, we investigated NOS expression and its relationship with structural changes in DRG neurons of caudotomized lizards. First, by horseradish peroxidase retrograde tracing we here provided evidence that the sensory innervation of the regenerated tail derives only from the three pairs of DRGs rostral to the amputation plane. These ganglia were then analyzed in control animals with original intact tail, at 5, 15 and 30 days after caudotomy, and at 8 months in lizards with mature regenerates. Caudotomy elicited in DRG neurons marked hypertrophy that persisted after tail regeneration. In control ganglia, most neurons were lightly NADPH-diaphorase-positive, a few were unstained or intensely stained. Tail transection elicited marked staining up-regulation, and an increase in the proportion of intensely positive neurons. The staining intensity peaked in DRG neurons at 15 days and was still significantly increased in respect to controls several months after complete tail regeneration. NOS immunoreactivity in DRGs matched the histochemical findings. NADPH-diaphorase positivity was also enhanced in the dorsal horn superficial laminae of the corresponding spinal segments. We demonstrate that transection of the lizard spinal nerves, provoked by tail loss, elicits in the axotomized primary sensory neurons marked NOS enhancement, which accompanies axon elongation in the regrowing tail and persists after the end of this process.
...
PMID:Plastic changes and nitric oxide synthase induction in neurons which innervate the regenerated tail of the lizard Gekko gecko. II. The response of dorsal root ganglion cells to tail amputation and regeneration. 1088 86

Intravenous administration of phenylephrine provokes a pattern of cellular activation in the nucleus of the solitary tract that resembles the central distributions of primary baroreceptor afferents supplied by the carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerves. Transganglionic transport and denervation methods were used in an experimental setting to test the dependence of phenylephrine-induced Fos immunoreactivity on the integrity of buffer nerve afferents, and to identify the subregions of the nucleus of the solitary tract supplied by each. Cholera toxin B-horseradish peroxidase injections into either or both nerves revealed terminal labeling concentrated in, but not restricted to, the dorsal commissural part of the nucleus of the solitary tract at the level of the apex of calamus scriptorius, and extending into the dorsal subnucleus at the level of the area postrema. Preferential ramifications of carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerve afferents at the levels of the commissural part of the nucleus and the area postrema, respectively, were reflected in the extent to which labeled fibers comingled with neurons exhibiting phenylephrine-induced Fos in dual labeling experiments. Complete sinoaortic denervation reduced by 90% the number of neurons exhibiting drug-induced Fos expression. Selective carotid and aortic sinus denervations effected partial reductions manifest preferentially in the caudal and rostral foci of the distribution, respectively. Reduced activational responses at the level of the area postrema of aortic sinus-denervated rats were accompanied by a reduction in cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase activity in this region. Animals killed 30 days after complete sinoaortic denervation displayed no evidence of recovery of phenylephrine-induced Fos, while the strength and distribution of the response in rats that received selective carotid sinus denervation were indistinguishable from those seen in controls. These findings (i) support the dependence of phenylephrine-induced Fos expression on the integrity of carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerve afferents, (ii) provide anatomical and functional evidence that the two buffer nerves distribute differentially within the nucleus of the solitary tract, and (iii) implicate central reorganization as a likely basis for functional recovery of baroreflex mechanisms following partial sinoaortic denervation.
...
PMID:Effects of selective sinoaortic denervations on phenylephrine-induced activational responses in the nucleus of the solitary tract. 1106 45

Here we examine hypothesis that short-term peripheral ZnSO(4)-induced anosmia can produce effects on c-fos expression within spinal cord and caudal medulla in male Wistar rats (n=4). Fos-like-immunoreactive cells revealed by avidin-biotin-peroxidase method show a significant bilateral increase in the nucleus proprius (layers 3 and 4) and medial part of layers 5 and 6. In substantia gelatinosa (layer 2(i)) and area 10 Fos-positive neurons were intermixed together with nicotin-amide adenine dineucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d)-reactive cells. Short-term anosmia enhanced c-fos expression in ventral horn (layers 7 and 8), ventrolateral segment and dorsal part of the spinal trigeminal nuclei. In anosmic rats varicose fibres and numerous NADPH-d-stained neurons were present in the gelatinous layer of the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis, and a separate population of Fos-positive cells was detected within this layer. Nucleus tractus solitaris also contained a few NADPH-d-reactive, medium sized neurons intermixed with Fos-immunoreactive cells.
...
PMID:Persistent c-fos expression and NADPH-d reactivity in the medulla and the lumbar spinal cord in rat with short-term peripheral anosmia. 1124 40

Nitric oxide (NO) production by specific neurons in the prepositus hypoglossi (PH) nucleus is necessary for the correct performance of eye movements in alert cats. In an attempt to characterize the morphological substrate of this NO function, the distribution of nitrergic neurons and NO-responding neurons has been investigated in different brainstem structures related to eye movements. Nitrergic neurons were stained by either immunohistochemistry for NO synthase I or histochemistry for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase. The NO targets were identified by cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) immunohistochemistry in animals treated with a NO donor immediately before fixation of the brain. Connectivity between cells of the NO-cGMP pathway was analyzed by injections of the retrograde tracers horseradish peroxidase or fast blue in different structures. The motor nuclei commanding extraocular muscles did not contain elements of the NO-cGMP pathway, except for some scattered nitrergic neurons in the most caudal part of the abducens nucleus. The PH nucleus contained the largest number of nitrergic cell bodies and a rich neuropil, distributed in two groups in medial and lateral positions in the caudal part, and one central group in the rostral part of the nucleus. An abundant cGMP positive neuropil was the only NO-sensitive element in the PH nucleus, where no cGMP-producing neuronal cell bodies were observed. The opposite disposition was found in the marginal zone between the PH and the medial vestibular nuclei, with a large number of NO-sensitive cGMP-producing neurons and almost no nitrergic cells. Both nitrergic and NO-sensitive cell bodies were found in the medial and inferior vestibular nuclei and in the superior colliculus, whereas the lateral geniculate nucleus contained nitrergic neuropil and a large number of NO-sensitive cell bodies. Some of the cGMP-positive neurons in the marginal zone and medial vestibular nucleus projected to the PH nucleus, predominantly to the ipsilateral side. These morphological findings may help to explain the mechanism of action of NO in the oculomotor system.
...
PMID:Morphological identification of nitric oxide sources and targets in the cat oculomotor system. 1140 14

Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation demonstrates the differentiation of mesocarp and endocarp tissues and their lignified nature in dura fruits at 8 weeks after pollination (WAP). During shell formation, the endocarp cells become lignified to a hard shell while the mesocarp tissue remains cellular and fibrous. A transition zone made up of fibrous units was also visible beneath the shell. The soluble phenols of mesocarp and endocarp tissues at their developmental stage was analyzed using Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The appearance of ferulic acid at 4 WAP and its absence at 8 WAP indicates the role of ferulic acid in lignin synthesis. The HPLC data was supported by the lignin concentration. To ascertain the biochemical relationship of lignin pathway enzymes, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol-NADPH-dehydrogenase (CAD) and peroxidase (POD) with shell synthesis, the activities of these enzymes and lignin content were assessed during development of the shell between 4 and 8 WAP. The three enzymes, PAL, CAD and POD expressed high level of activity in the mesocarp and endocarp at 4 WAP. At 8 WAP a sharp decline in activity was observed in the endocarp whereas the mesocarp showed a moderate reduction. This variation is an indication of the role of these enzymes in shell formation.
...
PMID:Association of lignifying enzymes in shell synthesis of oil palm fruit (Elaeis guineensis--dura variety). 1148 Feb 13

Fifteen isolates of Verticillium dahliae (eight of race 1, seven of race 2; most from the island of Crete, Greece) were examined for isozyme and molecular variation. Among the isozyme banding patterns (zymograms) of six enzymes that were "activity-stained" after electrophoresis in 9% polyacrylamide gels, differences were observed in diaphorase, alpha-esterase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase; 2, 2, 3 and 5 different types of zymograms were recorded, respectively. The zymograms could not be correlated with either race 1 or 2. However, all six isolates originating from the Oropedio (plateau) area of Lasithi (Crete) showed an esterase zymogram clearly distinguishable from the other isolates. No differences were observed when staining for acid phosphatase or aspartate aminotransferase ('glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase'). Furthermore, electrophoresis of random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) in 2% agarose gels showed that three race-2 isolates from Oropedio of Lasithi could also be distinguished by the RAPD pattern generated with primer OPA-1. The variation observed possibly represents adaptation of V. dahliae to the Oropedio environment.
...
PMID:Isozyme variation in Verticillium dahliae isolates from Crete. 1205 96


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 Next >>

---