Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.6.99.1 (NADPH-diaphorase)
 3,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The pattern of distribution and colocalization of nitric oxide-synthase (NOS) and NADPH-diaphorase in the myenteric plexus of whole-mount preparations of the antrum, duodenum, ileum, caecum, proximal colon and distal colon of the rat were investigated using immunohistochemical and histochemical staining techniques. Almost all the myenteric neurons that were NOS-positive in all regions of the gut examined were also stained for NADPH-diaphorase. However, in the stomach, duodenum and ileum, only a few of the NOS-positive nerve fibres in the tertiary and secondary plexuses and circular muscle layer were also stained for NADPH-diaphorase, whereas in the caecum and distal colon almost all the NOS-positive nerve fibres were also stained for NADPH-diaphorase. The results in the present study are consistent with the view that nitric oxide (NO) has a mediating role in gastrointestinal neurotransmission.
 ...
PMID:Colocalization of nitric oxide synthase and NADPH-diaphorase in the myenteric plexus of the rat gut. 127 79

In vitro alterations induced by a 10 micrograms/ml and 50 micrograms/ml dose each of thiophenate and fenbendazole on the absorptive surfaces of Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) were studied. The most significant changes were induced in the gut epithelium. Alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase activities were decreased, succinic dehydrogenase activity was increased, while acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase were completely lost from the intestinal epithelium after treatment with either of the drugs. A stimulatory effect of these two anthelmintics was observe on lactic dehydrogenase and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase distribution. Thiophenate caused an increase in the activities of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and nonspecific esterases and a decrease in reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-D) activity. Fenbendazole treatment led to the inhibition of GDH, while G-6-PD, NADPH-D, cytochrome oxidase, monoamine oxidase and nonspecific esterase activity remained unaltered in the epithelium.
 ...
PMID:Histoenzymic effects of thiophenate and fenbendazole on the absorptive surfaces of Haemonchus contortus. 133 82

Serotoninergic and cholinergic neurons are known to appear earlier in the ontogeny (day E12) of the murine gut than those containing substance P or vasoactive intestinal peptide (day E14). It has also been demonstrated that proliferating neural precursors coexist with mature neurons in developing enteric ganglia. These observations have led to the hypotheses that peptidergic neurons develop later than those that utilize small molecule neurotransmitters and that the activity of early developing neurons may affect the phenotypic expression of coexisting neuroblasts. As a partial test of these hypotheses we studied the phenotypic expression of neurons recognized by antisera to neuropeptide Y (NPY) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and of those visualized by the histochemical demonstration of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase activity. NADPH diaphorase activity, which is coexpressed with NPY immunoreactivity in all submucosal and many myenteric neurons, was first found on day E11 in clusters of cells in the dorsal mesogastrium. These cells also expressed neurofilament reactivity and thus were developing along a neuronal lineage. Enteric neurons that expressed NADPH diaphorase activity were visualized in the stomach one day later, on day E12. At this time, NADPH diaphorase-containing cells could no longer be demonstrated in the dorsal mesogastrium. NPY immunoreactivity first appeared in the wall of the bowel on day E12, when it was seen in cells in the presumptive stomach. By day E13, the entire length of the bowel contained NPY-immunoreactive neurons. Cells that displayed NADPH diaphorase activity were found at this time at both ends of the alimentary tract, but did not appear in the ileum until day E18. In contrast, CGRP immunoreactivity could not be detected anywhere in the gut until day E17, but by day E18 all regions of the bowel contained CGRP-immunoreactive neurons. Endogenous 5-HT was first detected at day E16 in mucosal epithelial cells in all segments of the gut except the stomach, where it appeared at day E18. The NPY/NADPH diaphorase set of neurons thus develop before the acquisition of a detectable level of endogenous 5-HT or enteric neural 5-HT receptors (which arise in the foregut at day E14). These observations demonstrate that enteric neurons that express small molecule neurotransmitters do not necessarily develop earlier than peptidergic neurons as a class; however, various types of enteric neurons do appear in a sequential order.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Time course of expression of neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and NADPH diaphorase activity in neurons of the developing murine bowel and the appearance of 5-hydroxytryptamine in mucosal enterochromaffin cells. 278 79

A histological and histochemical study of ingested food material, energy stores and enzymes in the monogenean Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae, parasitizing the gills of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is presented. It was found that mucus, epithelial cells and blood from the gills were ingested. Glycogen deposits were small and primarily located in the parenchyma and to a minor extent in the vitellariae. Numerous globules of neutral lipids were found in the vitellariae. A marked esterase activity was found in the gut and a less marked activity in the vitellariae. Acid phosphatase activity was found throughout the body whereas alkaline phosphatase and leucine-amino-peptidase were not detected. Marked activity of succinate dehydrogenase and NADH-diaphorase was found in all cells, indicating a predominantly aerobic metabolism in this monogenean.
 ...
PMID:The nutrition of the gill parasitic monogenean Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae. 342 77

The effects of an oral neomycin and penicillin regimen on intestinal bacteriology and on morphology and function of the small intestine of mice were investigated. Quantitative and qualitative stool cultures on selective media of the treated animals revealed only growth of yeast organisms. The treated animals developed enlargement of the ceca with fluid contents and watery stools, resembling characteristics of germfree animals. Radioautography with tritiated thymidine revealed an increased epithelial cell migration rate in the mice treated with the antibiotics for 3 to 5 wk. A slight increase in villus height was also noted. The treated male mice showed greater variance than the treated females in epithelial cell migration rates. Histochemical staining reactions showed a decrease in nonspecific esterase and in NADH dehydrogenase activity in the proximal gut of the antibiotic animals. Stains of distal gut and those for acid and alkaline phosphatase, NADPH dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, and succinic dehydrogenase were similar to the controls. A slight increase in sucrase activity and a slight decrease in lactase activity in the antibiotic animals was observed in contrast to control animals. Germfree mice, however, had greater sucrase and lactase activity. Transport of L-methionine was slightly reduced in the distal segment of the treated animals. Since the direction of these changes is away from the intestinal state observed in germfree animals, they are probably the result of the direct action of the antibiotics on the gut.
 ...
PMID:Effects of neomycin and penicillin administration on mucosal proliferation of the mouse small intestine. With morphological and functional correlations. 438 18

In an attempt to identify the distribution and structure of vagal fibers and terminals in the gastroduodenal junction, vagal efferents were labeled in vivo by multiple injections of the fluorescent carbocyanine dye DiA into the dorsal motor nucleus (dmnX), and vagal afferents were anterogradely labeled by injections of DiI into the nodose ganglia of the same or separate rats. Thick frontal cryostat sections were analysed either with conventional or laser scanning confocal microscopy, using appropriate filter combinations and/or different wavelength laser excitation to distinguish the fluorescent tracers. Vagal efferent terminal-like structures were present in small ganglia within the circular sphincter muscle, which, in the absence of a well-developed, true myenteric plexus at this level, represent the myenteric ganglia. Furthermore, vagal efferent terminals were also present in submucosal ganglia, but were absent from mucosa, Brunner's glands and circular muscle fibers. Vagal afferent fibers and terminal-like structures were more abundant than efferents. The most prominent afferent terminals were profusely branching, large net-like aggregates of varicose fibers running within the connective tissue matrix predominantly parallel to the circular sphincter muscle bundles. Profusely arborizing, highly varicose endings were also present in large myenteric ganglia of the antrum and duodenum, in the modified intramuscular ganglia, and in submucosal ganglia. Additionally, afferent fibers and terminals were present throughout the mucosal lining of the gastroduodenal junction. The branching patterns of some vagal afferents suggested that individual axons produced multiple collaterals in different compartments. NADPH-diaphorase positive, possibly nitroxergic neurons were present in myenteric ganglia of the immediately adjacent antrum and duodenum, and fine varicose fibers entered the sphincter muscle from both sides, delineating the potential vagal inhibitory postganglionic innervation. These morphological results support the view of a rich and differentiated extrinsic neural control of this important gut region as suggested by functional studies.
 ...
PMID:Vagal innervation of the rat pylorus: an anterograde tracing study using carbocyanine dyes and laser scanning confocal microscopy. 750 21

Nitric oxide (NO) is a recently discovered neurotransmitter that is thought to mediate relaxation of gut smooth muscle during peristalsis. To assess its role in the pathophysiology of Hirschsprung's disease, the authors examined the distribution of neurons that produce NO in specimens from seven infants with this condition. Immunohistochemical analysis of cryostat sections for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactivity (NOS catalyzes the production of NO) showed that NOS is localized in a substantial subpopulation of enteric neurons in both the myenteric and submucosal plexuses in the ganglionated gut, but it was completely absent in aganglionic bowel. NOS immunoreactivity specifically colocalizes in neurons that also contain NADPH-diaphorase activity. This finding enabled the distribution of NO-producing neurons to be determined using whole-mount histochemistry, a technique that allows the enteric neural network to be examined intact. In normal bowel, NO-producing neurons are arranged in star-shaped myenteric and submucosal ganglia, which are joined to one another by nerve fibers to form a meshwork of variable geometry. Individual neurons exhibit Dogiel type 1 morphology. Axonal processes leave the myenteric plexuses and lie parallel to muscle bundles in both muscle layers of the gut. In the transition zone, ganglia are initially present, but their orientation changes so that both they and the internodal strands that connect them are aligned linearly along the craniocaudal axis of the gut tube. More distal still, ganglia and then all NOS activity disappear completely. These results suggest that in Hirschsprung's disease, the failure of aganglionic bowel to relax during peristalsis might be caused by the absence of NO-producing neurons.
 ...
PMID:Abnormalities of nitric-oxide-producing neurons in Hirschsprung's disease: morphology and implications. 751 59

The number of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d)-positive cells in the myenteric plexus increased 1 week after surgical extrinsic denervation of a loop of guinea pig ileum. NADPH-d staining in submucosal ganglia and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity in submucosal and myenteric ganglia were not affected by denervation. Similar data were obtained after systemic capsaicin, but not 6-hydroxy-dopamine treatment, suggesting that loss of primary afferents increases NADPH-d staining. Increases in NADPH-d may be part of an adaptive process allowing normal gut function after loss of extrinsic nerves.
 ...
PMID:Extrinsic denervation increases NADPH diaphorase staining in myenteric nerves of guinea pig ileum. 751 42

Pancreatic ganglia are innervated by neurons in the gut and are formed by precursor cells that migrate into the pancreas from the bowel. The innervation of the pancreas, therefore, may be considered an extension of the enteric nervous system. NADPH-diaphorase is present in a subset of enteric neurons. We investigated the presence of NADPH-diaphorase in the enteropancreatic innervation, the contribution of extrinsic nerves to the NADPH-diaphorase-containing fibers of the gut and pancreas, and the coincident expression of NADPH-diaphorase NADPH-diaphorase in intrinsic neurons of these organs with neuropeptides. The possible role of nitric oxide in the neural regulation of pancreatic secretion was studied in isolated pancreatic lobules. Neuronal perikarya with NADPH-diaphorase activity were found in both Dogiel type I and type II neurons of the myenteric plexus of the stomach and duodenum. All galanin (GAL)-immunoreactive neurons and a small subset of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive neurons contained NADPH-diaphorase activity. NADPH-diaphorase activity was also found in a subset of VIP and NPY-immunoreactive pancreatic neurons. Retrograde tracing with FluoroGold established that NADPH-diaphorase-containing neurons in the bowel project to the pancreas. NADPH-diaphorase-containing fibers were also found to be provided to both organs by neurons in dorsal root ganglia. Secretion of amylase was evoked by L-arginine. This effect was prevented by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), which also inhibited VIP-stimulated secretion of amylase; however, L-NNA had no effect on amylase secretion stimulated by carbachol. These results provide support for the hypothesis that nitric oxide plays a role in the neural regulation of pancreatic secretion.
 ...
PMID:NADPH diaphorase (nitric oxide synthase)-containing nerves in the enteropancreatic innervation: sources, co-stored neuropeptides, and pancreatic function. 751 4

Nitric oxide has been put forward as an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the gut. Nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons were visualized by immunocytochemistry using antibodies against neuronal nitric oxide synthase or by beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase staining in whole mounts and cryostat sections from the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas of several mammals (mouse, rat, hamster, guinea-pig, cat and man). Nitric oxide synthase-containing neuronal cell bodies were numerous in the myenteric but fewer in the submucous ganglia all along the gut of all species. Varicose nerve terminals formed extensive networks in the circular smooth muscle and the myenteric ganglia. Nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve terminals were frequently found around the Brunner glands in the duodenum; scattered nerve terminals were also found in the gastric and colonic mucosa and around blood vessels in the submucosa all along the gut. In the rat small and large intestine nitric oxide synthase-containing submucous neurons terminated within the mucosa/submucosa and nitric oxide synthase-containing myenteric neurons issued short descending projections, approximately 3 mm, to the smooth muscle and other myenteric ganglia. In the pancreas of all species nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve cell bodies were regularly seen in intrapancreatic ganglia. Positive nerve fibers were mainly found within nerve trunks in interlobular spaces and as delicate fibers within the islets. Double staining for nitric oxide synthase and neuropeptides in intestine and pancreas of rat, guinea-pig and man revealed that only occasionally the nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve cell bodies stored in addition vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y, or enkephalin. However, nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve terminals, particularly those in the circular muscle of the gut, frequently contained vasoactive intestinal peptide/neuropeptide Y (rat and man) or vasoactive intestinal peptide/enkephalin (guinea-pig). In intrapancreatic ganglia few nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve cell bodies were also vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive. Coexistence of nitric oxide synthase and vasoactive intestinal peptide in nerve terminals could here be detected around blood vessels and interlobular ducts. The distribution of nitric oxide synthase indicates a major role of nitric oxide in the regulation of gut motility; a role in the regulation of blood flow and secretion in both gut and pancreas is also likely.
 ...
PMID:Distribution, origin and projections of nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in gut and pancreas. 753 82


1 2 3 4 5 6 Next >>