Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:1.6.99.1 (NADPH-diaphorase)
3,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

L-Homocysteic acid (L-HCA) is a sulfated amino acid which is present in mammalian striatum and is a putative excitatory striatal neurotransmitter. In the present study we examined the histologic and neurochemical effects of L-HCA induced striatal lesions to determine how closely changes resemble those of Huntington's disease (HD). Increasing doses of L-HCA injected into the anterior striatum resulted in dose-dependent reductions in both substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) while there was a relative sparing of both somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SS-LI) and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI). Immunocytochemical studies showed a relative sparing of NADPH-diaphorase neurons (which colocalize with SS and NPY) within regions in which there was a significant depletion of enkephalin stained neurons. The lesions were blocked by pretreatment with MK-801, a systemically effective non-competitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors or coinjection of equimolar concentrations of 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV). These findings are similar to those produced with the NMDA agonist quinolinic acid, and suggest that other endogenous NMDA agonists, such as L-HCA, could be potential excitotoxins in HD.
...
PMID:Homocysteic acid lesions in rat striatum spare somatostatin-neuropeptide Y (NADPH-diaphorase) neurons. 168 75

NPY-neurons in the striatum and cortex have many morphological and chemical features in common. They are intrinsic, medium sized, aspiny and exhibit ultrastructural characteristics typical of neurons undergoing active synthesis and release of peptides. Most of the NPY-neurons in the two regions coexist with somatostatin, exhibit high levels of NADPH-diaphorase and are resistant to degeneration associated with Huntington's disease. Ultrastructural analysis suggests that the ensheathment by glia and sparsity of asymmetric (putatively excitatory) inputs may render NPY neurons resistant to excitotoxicity. Although NPY-neurons receive few inputs, they make numerous contacts with dendrites within a small region of the neuropil. Among their targets are GABAergic neurons. These NPY-receptive GABA neurons differ from other GABAergic neurons in the vicinity in that they receive few other inputs along their somata and proximal dendrites. This suggests that NPY may exert more influence on a specific class of GABAergic neurons. Many more of the NPY-terminals are found at sites that would be strategic for the simultaneous modulation of the release of transmitters and postsynaptic responses. The differences among NPY-neurons in the striatum versus cerebral cortex are mainly chemical. Most notably, the NPY-neurons are GABAergic in the cortex and not GABAergic in the striatum. In addition, some of the NPY-axons in the ventral portions of striatum and cerebral cortex may be catecholaminergic, and thus originate in brainstem areas recognized to contain NPY and epinephrine or norepinephrine. NPY- and catecholaminergic fibers converge onto same dendrites. Thus, the two transmitters may interact through intercellular biochemical pathways postsynaptically. Finally, the sites where the two fibers directly contact each other may be where NPY stimulates the turnover of dopamine.
...
PMID:Neuropeptide Y in cortex and striatum. Ultrastructural distribution and coexistence with classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. 217 19

Nerve elements containing neuropeptides were observed by using different antisera and Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase technique and the distribution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d), a marker for nitric oxide (NO) synthase were studied in the ampulla hepatopancreatica (sphincter of Oddi) in the cat. A large amount of NPY, VIP, Substance P, somatostatin immunoreactive nerve fibers were found in all layers. Some immunoreactive nerve cell bodies (NPY, VIP, SP), were also observed in the wall. The NADPH-d stained cell bodies could be distinguished according to their size and the number of processes into two neuronal subtypes: large neurons with many dendrites and smaller, round cells with one or two processes. 99% of the cell bodies showed pozitive reactions for NADPH-d. The nerve fibers with NADPH-d activity were found in all layers, chiefly in the muscle layers. According to the distribution of the nerve fibers and the relationship to the effector cells, it is suggested, that these neuropeptides might have an important role in the function, and the NO containing nerve fibers are responsible for the nonadrenergic and noncholinergic inhibitory function.
...
PMID:[Distribution, structure and transmitter content of nerve elements affecting the function of Oddi's sphincter]. 753 14

The sensory and motor fibres of the spinal cord and the relative centres of integration were studied during ageing. Sections of spinal cord and ganglia from C8 to T12 of rats aged 6 and 24 months were treated using several techniques: Nissl, NADPH-diaphorase, and antibodies to enkephalins, substance P and neuropeptide Y. Nissl staining of the C8 segment showed that in the aged rat the dorsal horn was more oblique and narrow, the central canal was enlarged, the cellular density was reduced, and the neurons of the intermediolateral and ventral horns and of lamina IV were smaller. The total number of NADPH-diaphorase-positive cells of C8 segment was similar in the adult and in the aged rats. However, in the aged rat the number of cells was reduced in laminae I, II, III, VII and IX, remained the same in laminae V, VI and X, and was increased in laminae IV and VIII, and in the intermediolateral and intermediomedial horns. In the adult rat, we saw a greater number of cells with a lower expression of the enzyme. The area of the cells in laminae V and IX was reduced in the aged rat. In the C8 segment substance P was present in laminae I and II: in the aged rat the immunoreactivity was reduced and more diffuse. Enkephalins are present in laminae I, II and III, with a reduced immunoreactivity in the aged rat. NPY is present in the central canal in the adult rat and, is also present in laminae I and II in the aged rat.
...
PMID:Neuronal populations in the spinal cord during ageing. 757 82

In order to establish an in vitro model of Huntington's disease, we prepared slice cultures of striatal tissue from newborn rats. The striatal cultures were grown for 12-39 days in the absence of any other brain tissue. The presence of specific cell markers was shown by immunocytochemistry, histochemistry and in situ hybridization with alkaline-phosphatase-labeled oligonucleotide probes. We focused on (1) the medium-sized, aspiny interneurons, which in vivo express the neuropeptides somatostatin and neuropeptide Y and the nitric oxide synthesizing enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase, and which are spared in Huntington's disease and (2) the enkephalinergic, medium-sized projection neurons, which are particularly vulnerable in Huntington's disease. Similar basic morphologies of the presumed interneurons and double staining of NADPH-diaphorase positive and somatostatin immunoreactive neurons suggest that the two neuropeptides and NADPH-diaphorase are extensively colocalized in the cultures, as in vivo. In the newborn rats, included as controls, a patch-matrix distribution of the NADPH-diaphorase staining is described for the first time. In the striatal slices the distribution of the NADPH-diaphorase staining stayed uneven after 3-5 weeks in culture, with areas almost devoid of staining alternating with more heavily stained areas. This pattern may represent an intermediate stage between the patch-matrix distribution in the newborn and the homogeneous staining in the adult rat striatum. From quantitative estimates we found the same mutual rank order of the numbers of neuropeptide Y- and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons and NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons in vivo and in vitro. Both in the slice cultures and in the brain, the number of enkephalin mRNA-containing neurons significantly exceeded that of neuropeptide Y- and somatostatin mRNA-containing neurons. This implies that the mutual distribution of presumed interneurons and projection neurons was preserved in the slice cultures. Comparison of cell numbers per unit volume showed that, in the cultures, the number of presumed interneurons, with the exception of NPY mRNA-containing neurons, significantly exceeded that in vivo. In contrast, the enkephalin mRNA-containing neurons, which in vivo are projection neurons, were significantly fewer in the cultures. The relative loss of projection neurons and preservation of interneurons in single slice cultures of striatal tissue apparently mimick some of the neurodegenerative changes of Huntington's disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
...
PMID:Organotypic slice cultures of the rat striatum: an immunocytochemical, histochemical and in situ hybridization study of somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase, and enkephalin. 761 39

The presence of putative neuromodulators in the nerve fibres was investigated in white skeletal muscle of two teleost fish not taxonomically correlated and showing different patterns of innervation (multiple versus focal innervation). Cryostat sections of epaxial, hypaxial and adductor mandibulae (AM) muscles of Sparus aurata and Anguilla anguilla were stained histochemically for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase. Other sections were used for indirect immunohistochemistry (streptavidin-biotin and rhodamine immunofluorescence methods), employing antibodies specific for putative excitatory or inhibitory peptides, including CGRP, substance P, met-enkephalin, bombesin, and VIP. In addition, ultrastructural observations were performed in order to describe the morphology of the motor endplates. A strong immunoreactivity for CGRP and substance P was found in many nerve terminals. Met-enkephalin, bombesin and VIP immunoreactivities were less frequently observed. No immunoreactivity was observed to CCK, NPY or 5-HT. NADPH-diaphorase was identified in nerve fibres of the AM complex only of A. anguilla. Electron microscopy observations evidenced more than one type of synaptic vesicle in motor endplates. Some differences in putative neuromodulator distributions were observed in the two species and muscle complexes, which may be related to the different taxonomical position as well as the different pattern of innervation of white muscle fibres.
...
PMID:Different putative neuromodulators are present in the nerves which distribute to the teleost skeletal muscle. 981 Apr 86

Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived radical, which modulates synaptic plasticity, neuronal oscillations and cerebral blood flow. NOS-containing neurones can be detected anatomically by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry or by NOS immunohistochemistry. Neuropeptide Y(NPY) is the most abundant peptide in the brain. NPY is connected with several vital functions, such as a feeding behaviour, sexual maturation, regulation of circadian rhythms, body temperature, blood pressure and neuroendocrine secretions. Neuropeptide Y also modulates anxiety-related disorders, limbic epileptic seizures as well as learning and memory processes. The study was performed on 45 Wistar rats of various ages (PO, P4, P7, P10, P14, P21, P30, P60, and P120; P--postnatal day). The free-floating sections were stained with standard immunohistochemistry methods. Thereafter the histological sections were studied using the confocal laser microscope equipped. For 3D reconstruction the image analysis program LaserSharp 2000v. 2.0 (Bio-Rad, UK) was used. We found that in the newborn rat both NOS- and NPY-immunoreactivity was weak. It had been increasing gradually until the 7th day of postnatal life, after that until P14 it was maintained on the similar level, and then the number of immunolabelled cells deceased. The developmental changes concerned cell morphology as well--until the 10th day of life the immunoreactive cells were immature, with round or oval bodies and had only a few fibres. From P14 the cells' morphology became similar to that in adult.
...
PMID:Distribution of nitric oxide synthase and neuropeptide Y neurones during the development of the hippocampal formation in the rat. 1272 88

The cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the olfactory bulb of two monotremes (shortbeaked echidna and platypus) was studied to determine if there are any chemoarchitectural differences from therian mammals. Nissl staining in conjunction with enzyme reactivity for NADPH diaphorase, and immunoreactivity for calcium binding proteins (parvalbumin, calbindin and calretinin), neuropeptide Y, tyrosine hydroxylase and non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI-32 antibody) were applied to the echidna. Material from platypus bulb was Nissl stained, immunoreacted for calretinin, or stained for NADPH diaphorase. In contrast to eutherians, no immunoreactivity for either the SMI-32 antibody or calretinin was found in the mitral or dispersed tufted cells of the monotremes and very few parvalbumin or calbindin immunoreactive neurons were found in the bulb of the echidna. On the other hand, immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase in the echidna was similar in distribution to that seen in therians, and periglomerular and granule cells showed similar patterns of calretinin immunoreactivity to eutherians. Multipolar neuropeptide Y immunoreactive neurons were confined to the deep granule cell layer and underlying white matter of the echidna bulb and NADPH diaphorase reactivity was found in occasional granule cells, fusiform and multipolar cells of the inner plexiform and granule cell layers, as well as underlying white matter. Unlike eutherians, no NPY immunoreactive or NADPH diaphorase reactive neurons were seen in the glomerular layer. The bulb of the echidna was comparable in volume to prosimians of similar body weight, and its constituent layers were highly folded. In conclusion, the monotreme olfactory bulb does not show any significant chemoarchitectural dissimilarities from eutheria, despite differences in mitral/tufted cell distribution.
...
PMID:Chemoarchitecture of the monotreme olfactory bulb. 1624 66

---