Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.99.1 (NADPH-diaphorase)
3,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The muscle and epithelial tissues of the gallbladder are regulated by a ganglionated plexus that lies within the wall of the organ. Although these ganglia are derived from the same set of precursor neural crest cells that colonize the gut, they exhibit structural, neurochemical and physiological characteristics that are distinct from the myenteric and submucous plexuses of the enteric nervous system. Structurally, the ganglionated plexus of the guinea pig gallbladder is comprised of small clusters of neurons that are located in the outer wall of the organ, between the serosa and underlying smooth muscle. The ganglia are encapsulated by a shell of fibroblasts and a basal lamina, and are devoid of collagen. Gallbladder neurons are rather simple in structure, consisting of a soma, a few short dendritic processes and one or two long axons. Results reported here indicate that all gallbladder neurons are probably cholinergic since they all express immunoreactivity for choline acetyltransferase. The majority of these neurons also express substance P, neuropeptide Y, and somatostatin, and a small remaining population of neurons express vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity and NADPH-diaphorase enzymatic activity. We report here that NADPH-diaphorase activity, nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity, and VIP immunoreactivity are expressed by the same neurons in the gallbladder. Physiological studies indicate that the ganglia of the gallbladder are the site of action of the following neurohumoral inputs: 1) all neurons receive nicotinic input from vagal preganglionic fibers; 2) norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers acts presynaptically on vagal terminals within gallbladder ganglia to decrease the release of acetylcholine from vagal terminals; 3) substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, which are co-expressed in sensory fibers, cause prolonged depolarizations of gallbladder neurons that resemble slow EPSPs; and 4) cholecystokinin (CCK) acts presynaptically within gallbladder ganglia to increase the release of acetylcholine from vagal terminals. Results reported here indicate that hormonal CCK can readily access gallbladder ganglia, since there is no evidence for a blood-ganglionic barrier in the gallbladder. Taken together, these results indicate that gallbladder ganglia are not simple relay stations, but rather sites of complex modulatory interactions that ultimately influence the functions of muscle and epithelial cells in the organ.
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PMID:Innervation of the gallbladder: structure, neurochemical coding, and physiological properties of guinea pig gallbladder ganglia. 932 15

The autonomic nervous system is involved in different functions such as transduction of afferent sensory inputs, trophic actions, modulation of immunologic events and thermoregulation. In the present investigation, we studied the pattern of human autonomic skin innervation with special reference to its relation to blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands and sensory receptors. For the first time, two clinically important areas have been compared: the skin of the forearm and of the face. Using indirect immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the distribution of calretinin (CR), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), histamine, serotonin, enkephalin, and, enzyme histochemically, NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d). In the epidermis, we found nerve fibers containing SP, NKA and CGRP. In the dermis, SP-, CR-, VIP-, CGRP- and NKA-positive nerve fibers were detected. Particularly the large nerve fibers contained CR. VIP-positive fibers occurred especially around hair follicles and sweat glands. CGRP-positive nerve fibers were located close to the epidermal basal membrane, in the wall of blood vessels, and to a lesser extent around hair follicles. Immunoreactivity for SP and NKA in the dermis was observed predominantly in the papillary layer near the epidermal basal membrane. All neuropeptides tested in this study were also detected in the nerve fibers of the subcutis. Most of them were CGRP- and VIP-positive. They occurred in association with sweat glands and large arteries. NPY-positive nerve fibers are predominant in the wall of arteries, arterioles and veins. Nerve fibers containing NKA and SP were less common and identified only in the walls of large arteries in deeper dermal layers. In double-staining experiments, the NADPH-d reaction and reactivity to tubulin revealed a partial co-localization in nerve fibers, blood vessel walls, around glands and ganglionic cells. VIP-positive fibers were more common in the face skin than in the forearm. However, in forearm we detected more NPY-, CGRP-, NKA- and SP-positive nerve fibers than in face skin. These findings are important for future studies on skin disorders, such as sensory neuropathies, inflammatory reactions or allergic responses of human skin.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical detection of human skin nerve fibers. 938 13

We investigated the distribution of parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory perivascular nerve fibers in rabbit cephalic arteries supplying the brain, exocrine glands, nasal mucosa, masseter muscles, tongue, and skin in the face and also examined cranial autonomic and sensory ganglia. NADPH diaphorase (NADPHd)-positive and vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactive (VIP-LI) neurons were located in the cranial parasympathetic ganglia. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-LI neurons occurred mainly, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH)-LI neurons occurred exclusively, in the superior cervical (sympathetic) ganglion. Substance P (SP)-LI and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-LI neurons occurred only in the trigeminal (sensory) ganglion. Therefore, it was assumed that NADPHd-positive and VIP-LI perivascular nerve fibers in cephalic arteries were parasympathetic, all DBH-LI and most NPY-LI fibers were sympathetic, and SP-LI and CGRP-LI fibers were sensory in nature. In the cerebral arteries, NADPHd-positive and VIP-LI varicose fibers were more numerous in the rostral than in the caudal half of the Circle of Willis. In the extracranial arteries, NADPHd-positive and VIP-LI fibers were most abundant in the lingual, lacrimal, and supraorbital arteries; sparse in the parotid and submandibular arteries; and absent in the ear artery. There was an obvious proximal-to-distal density gradient along individual cephalic arterial trees. In contrast, DBH-LI, NPY-LI, SP-LI, and CGRP-LI varicose nerve fibers were similar in density in all cephalic arteries and their branches. These neuroanatomical findings suggest that differential parasympathetic innervation in cephalic arteries may play a role in the partitioning of blood flow between different cephalic tissues.
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PMID:Parasympathetic innervation of cephalic arteries in rabbits: comparison with sympathetic and sensory innervation. 941 8

Nitrergic and peptidergic innervation of the chick thymus was studied using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and anti-nitric oxide synthase (NOS) antibodies stained both nerve fibres and 'neuron-like' cells located in the septal connective tissue. NADPH-d and NOS were partially colocalised. Staining of NADPH-d positive neuron-like cells with the neuronal marker, neuron specific enolase, confirmed the neuronal nature of these cells. Antibodies against vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) were used to map the peptidergic innervation of the chick thymus. The distribution of nerve fibres staining for the various neuroactive chemicals in specific thymic compartments was non-uniform. Out of all the peptides, VIP-containing nerves appeared to be the most abundant. In addition, double-labeling of the thymic sections revealed that VIP and NADPH-d were colocalised in the neuronal structures. Immunostaining of the chick embryos demonstrated that VIP, NPY, SP and CGRP were first expressed in the chick thymus during late ontogeny. The significance of these novel findings was discussed.
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PMID:Nitrergic, peptidergic and substance P innervation of the chick thymus. 947 19

The neurochemical composition of nerve fibres and cell bodies in the myenteric plexus of the proventriculus, stomach and small and large intestines of the golden hamster was investigated by using immunohistochemical and histochemical techniques. In addition, the procedures for localising nitric-oxide-utilising neurones by histochemical (NADPH-diaphorase) and immunohistochemical (nitric oxide synthase) methods were compared. The co-localisation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and nitric oxide synthase in the myenteric plexus of all regions of the gut was also assessed. The results demonstrated the presence of nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies immunoreactive to protein gene product, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, tyrosine hydroxylase, 5-hydroxytryptamine and nitric oxide synthase in all regions of the gastrointestinal tract examined. The pattern of distribution of immunoreactive nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies containing the above markers was found to vary in different regions of the gut. Myenteric neurones and nerve fibres containing immunoreactivity to nitric oxide synthase and NADPH-diaphorase reactivity, however, were shown to have an identical distribution throughout the gut. In contrast to some studies on the guinea-pig and rat, the co-existence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and nitric oxide synthase was seen in only a small population of myenteric neurones.
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PMID:A neurochemical characterisation of the golden hamster myenteric plexus. 947 95

The innervation of the musculature in the ferret stomach, ileum, colon and urinary bladder was investigated using immunohistochemistry in noncolchicin-treated tissues. In the gastrointestinal tract two main subpopulations of myenteric neurones were found: cholinergic neurones expressing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), which made up 68, 67 and 67% of the neurones in the stomach, ileum and colon, respectively, and nitrergic neurones containing nitric oxide synthase and NADPH-diaphorase (stomach: 23%, ileum: 21%, colon: 26%). In the stomach, cholinergic neurones expressed substance P (SP, 2% of all neurones), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH, 19%) but not tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), while nitrergic neurones contained VIP and neuropeptide Y (NPY). TH- but not DBH-immunoreactivity was observed in 4% of gastric neurones. Intense immunoreactivity in the musculature suggests that part of ChAT/SP- and NOS/NPY/VIP-positive neurones function as motorneurones. In the ileum, a high number (32%) of DBH-positive neurones was demonstrated. About half of the SP-positive neurones in the ileum also contained calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). In the urinary bladder, only few intramural ganglia were observed. The smooth muscle was densely innervated by ChAT, NPY and DBH immunoreactive fibres. The data showed that the innervation of the ferret viscera exhibited similarities but also differences as compared with other mammalian species. Some of the chemical coding of myenteric neurones is remarkably similar to that observed in other mammals.
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PMID:Presence of putative neurotransmitters in the myenteric plexus of the gastrointestinal tract and in the musculature of the urinary bladder of the ferret. 950 49

Morphological changes in developing human gustatory papillae during the 6th to the 23rd postovulatory week have been studied. The general innervation pattern of taste papillae and taste bud primordia was revealed immunohistochemically using antibodies against protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), neurofilament H (NFH), neurofilament L (NFL), neurone-specific enolase (NSE), and tubulin. The autonomic and somatosensory nerve supply has been investigated using antibodies against substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), the neuronal form of nitric oxide synthase (n-NOS), and, enzyme histochemically, NADPH-diaphorase. Nerve fibers approach the basal membrane of the lingual epithelium around the 7th postovulatory week and invade the epithelium of papilla-like structures at the 8th week, but some also penetrate the basal membrane of the non-papillary epithelium. They are in close contact with slender epithelial cells that are considered to be the taste bud's progenitor cells. Early human taste buds situated at the anterior part of the tongue do not necessarily require a dermal (later fungiform) papilla. The NADPH-diaphorase reaction revealed positive results in dermal nerve fibers, but the immunohistochemical reaction against n-NOS was negative. Immunohistochemical detection of neuropeptides and vasoactive substances rendered negative results for developmental stages of 7-18 postovulatory weeks. By the 18th week, only SP was detected in dermal papillae, but not in the vicinity of taste buds' primordia. Thus, autonomic and somatosensory nerves seem not to play a key role in formation and maintenance of early human taste buds.
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PMID:Innervation of developing human taste buds. An immunohistochemical study. 954 77

Isolated monkey corpus cavernosum muscle strips contracted with prostaglandin F2 alpha and treated with prazosin responded to transmural electrical stimulation with frequency-related relaxations that were abolished by tetrodotoxin. The nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) significantly attenuated but did not abolish the response; L-arginine reversed the inhibition. The neurogenic relaxation was not influenced in the strips treated with atropine or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-(8-37), a CGRP-receptor antagonist, and those desensitized to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) or pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). Nerve fibers containing NADPH diaphorase were histochemically demonstrated in cavernous tissues. The relaxant response resistant to the NO synthase inhibitor was abolished by high K+ and tetrabutylammonium but was unaffected by glibenclamide, charybdotoxin, apamin, ouabain, SKF-525a, a cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, and oxyhemoglobin. It is concluded that neurogenic relaxations of monkey corpus cavernosum muscle is associated partly with NO released as a neurotransmitter and that other relaxing factor(s) possibly responsible for K+ channel opening also participates; however, the type of K+ channel involved is not determined. Acetylcholine, VIP, CGRP, PACAP, and the Na+ pump do not seem to be involved in the neurogenic relaxation.
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PMID:Monkey corpus cavernosum relaxation mediated by NO and other relaxing factor derived from nerves. 957 9

We investigated the origin of galanin-positive nerve fibers on motor endplates in rat esophagus using anterograde 1,1'-dioleyl-3,3,3', 3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine methane sulfonate (DiI) tracing from the nucleus ambiguus combined with galanin immunocytochemistry and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunocytochemistry. To demonstrate spatial relationships of galanin-positive nerve fibers to vagal and enteric nerve fibers on motor endplates, we combined galanin immunocytochemistry with calcitonin gene-related peptide immunostaining for labeling of vagal terminals, and vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactivity and NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry for demonstration of enteric nerve fibers. Within fine varicose nerve fibers, galanin was colocalized with vasoactive intestinal peptide and NADPH-diaphorase to a high degree and turned out to be completely separated from calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive or anterogradely DiI-labeled vagal motor terminals. These results indicate that the enteric nervous system is the most important and possibly the only source of galanin-positive nerve terminals on motor endplates in rat esophagus. Galanin may be, in addition to nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal peptide, a mediator of the enteric coinnervation of striated muscle in this organ.
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PMID:Nonvagal origin of galanin-containing nerve terminals innervating striated muscle fibers of the rat esophagus. 958 2

The neurochemical coding of neurones located in ganglia of the nerve trunk accompanying the chicken ureter was analysed and quantified using NADPH-diaphorase reactivity and immunohistochemistry against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), calbindin (CAL), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in untreated or colchicine-treated preparation. Almost all neurones were either positive for TH (38%) or for SOM (60%). Only 4% of the neurones were both TH- and SOM-positive and 3% of the neurones exhibited neither TH nor SOM immunoreactivity. The relative numbers of NPY-, NOS-, CAL- and VIP-positive neurones were 57%, 28%, 14% and 7%, respectively. No SP- or CGRP-positive neurones were observed. All NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurones expressed NOS immunoreactivity. Only in some TH-positive neurones was NPY and/or NOS found. Four major subpopulations were found in the ureteric ganglia. The SOM-positive neurones were subdivided into SOM/NPY/NOS- (28% of all neurones), SOM/NPY- (18%) and SOM/CAL/NPY-positive neurones (14%). A subpopulation of these peptid- ergic neurones also contained VIP. About 35% of the neurones contained TH only. Neurones of all subpopulations (72% of the neurones), except most of the CAL-positive neurones, were encircled by dense plexus of varicose SP/CGRP-positive, presumably sensory nerve fibres. Dense plexus of VIP-positive fibres were observed around 89% of the neurones. The chemical coding of the neuronal subpopulations identified in the ganglia accompanying the chicken ureter resembled that observed in the ganglia of Remak's nerve but was remarkably different from that of the autonomic neurones described in mammalian species.
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PMID:Neuronal subpopulations in autonomic ganglia associated with the chicken ureter: an immunohistochemical study. 958 4


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