Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:1.6.99.1 (NADPH-diaphorase)
3,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

While the crucial role of neurally produced nitric oxide in mediating penile erection is well established, the understanding of the peripheral neuroanatomy of the nitric oxide-ergic pathways is still incomplete. This study was designed to elucidate further the distribution of nitric oxide synthase, and its relation to the distribution of neuropeptides and tyrosine hydroxylase in all penis-projecting neural pathways. A triple-labelling technique was employed, with the retrograde tracer Fluoro Gold combined with neuropeptide immunohistochemistry and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemistry, a marker of nitric oxide synthase. The presence within the penis of scattered nerve cell bodies exhibiting NADPH-diaphorase activity was revealed. Most (76%) of the penis-projecting neurons in the major pelvic ganglion exhibited NADPH-diaphorase activity and immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal peptide, while none of them contained tyrosine hydroxylase. Sympathetic paravertebral postganglionic neurons, in turn, contained tyrosine hydroxylase, but did not exhibit NADPH-diaphorase activity. In the afferent, sensory neurons projecting to the penis from the dorsal root ganglia, NADPH-diaphorase activity coexisted with immunoreactivity to both substance P (8%) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (26%). Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord intermediolateral column at the thoracolumbar level T11-L3 terminated, not only in the major pelvic ganglion, but also within the penis. The majority (81%) of the penis-projecting neurons exhibited NADPH-diaphorase activity. The results indicate that the rat penis receives several different nitric oxide-ergic neural projections. It is therefore possible that nitric oxide affects penile erection at several neuronal levels.
...
PMID:Nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons originating at several different levels innervate rat penis. 895 82

The distribution of nitrergic neurons in the pancreas of the newborn guinea pig was first investigated, using nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunofluorescence and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. There was total colocalization of NOS and NADPH-d in the pancreatic ganglion cells. NADPH-d was then used as a marker for NOS. In the whole mount preparation of the pancreas, most of the nitrergic neurons were located in the head and the body region, along the branches of pancreatic blood vessels. Some were also associated with the main pancreatic duct, islets of Langerhans and pancreatic acini. To investigate whether NADPH-d stained cells were neurons and whether NADPH-d was colocalized with various neuropeptides and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H), an enzyme involved in the synthesis of noradrenaline, antibodies against neuron specific enolase (NSE), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY). D beta H, substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and bombesin (BOM) were used. Of all NSE positive ganglion cells, 76.8% were NADPH-d positive. NOS, VIP, NPY and D beta H immunoreactivities were found in both the neuronal cell bodies and nerve fibres in the pancreas while SP, CGRP and BOM immunoreactivities were detected only in the nerve fibres. SP-, CGRP- and BOM-containing nerves were in close contact with both NADPH-d positive as well as NADPH-d negative neurons. The percentages of NADPH-d/VIP, NADPH-d/NPY, NADPH-d/D beta H neurons in the total number of pancreatic neurons were 67.4%, 53.5%, 21.5% respectively. With double labelling in adjacent sections three subpopulations of pancreatic ganglion cells were demonstrated: NADPH-d/VIP/NPY, NADPH-d/VIP/D beta H and NADPH-d/NPY/D beta H.
...
PMID:Nitrergic neurons in the pancreas of newborn guinea pig: their distribution and colocalization with various neuropeptides and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. 898 82

We have studied the resection specimens from 5 patients with idiopathic megarectum and megacolon and 10 control subjects with non-obstructing colonic cancer. Histological staining with haematoxylin and eosin, and immunocytochemical staining for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), S100 protein, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and histochemical localization of NADPH diaphorase was performed. The amount of VIP and CGRP present in samples was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients with idiopathic megarectum and megacolon showed hypertrophy of the muscularis mucosae and muscularis externa. The architecture of the innervation as assessed by immunoreactivity for PGP9.5 and S100 protein appeared normal. There was a decrease in the density of innervation of the longitudinal muscle in rectal tissue from patients with idiopathic megarectum, with fewer VIP- and NADPH-diaphorase-containing nerves. In the muscularis mucosae and lamina propria of the rectal samples of patients with idiopathic megarectum, VIP immunoreactivity was higher and more NADPH-diaphorase-containing nerves were seen. CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibres were only seen in the myenteric plexus. No CGRP-immunoreactive cell bodies were seen. In summary, there is an increase in VIP and nitric oxide containing fibres in the muscularis mucosae and lamina propria and a decrease in the longitudinal muscle in rectal tissue of patients with idiopathic megarectum. Both are NANC (nonadrenergic noncholinergic) inhibitory transmitters in the gut and the possible relationship of the changes in their density with gut function is discussed.
...
PMID:Enteric innervation in idiopathic megarectum and megacolon. 900 20

Enteric co-innervation of motor endplates in the rat esophagus was studied with confocal laser scanning and electron microscopy. Enteric fibers were demonstrated with immunocytochemistry for nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal peptide or NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. Vagal motor terminals were identified with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunocytochemistry. Teloglia was stained with immuno- cytochemistry for S100, and TRITC-tagged alpha-bungarotoxin was used to delineate endplate areas in immmunofluorescence preparations. Both confocal imaging and electron microscopy revealed intimate relationships between enteric and vagal terminals on the one hand, and enteric terminals and the sarcolemma on the other. In addition, electron microscopy could point out direct apposition of a significant proportion of enteric varicosities to vagal motor terminals without intervening teloglial processes. These morphological data are compatible with pre- and postsynaptic modulatory effects of enteric neurons on vagal neuromuscular transmission in striated esophageal muscle.
...
PMID:Spatial relationships of enteric nerve fibers to vagal motor terminals and the sarcolemma in motor endplates of the rat esophagus: a confocal laser scanning and electron-microscopic study. 901 86

The distribution and origins of nitric oxide (NO)-producing nerves in the dog tongue with reference to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-containing sensory fibers were investigated using NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and immunohistochemistry for CGRP and NO synthase combined with retrograde axonal tracing and denervation experiments. The ultrastructural relationships between NADPH-d-positive and CGRP-immunoreactive neuronal elements were also examined electron microscopically. NADPH-d-positive and CGRP-immunoreactive varicose fibers were found within the taste buds and surrounding the epithelia of the fungiform papillae, and they disappeared completely after severance of the lingual nerve. Following injection of fast blue into the subepithelial layer of the anterior two thirds of the tongue, retrogradely labeled neurons possessing NO synthase and/or CGRP immunoreactivities were mainly detected in the trigeminal ganglion. Some of the retrogradely labeled trigeminal cells showed the coexistence of NADPH-d reactivity and CGRP immunoreactivity, but in the geniculate ganglion neither NADPH-d reactivity nor NO synthase immunoreactivity was found instead of retrogradely labeled CGRP-immunoreactive neurons. The lingual artery and its branches, including the arteriovenous anastomoses, showed dense distributions of NADPH-d-positive fibers, most of which were unaffected by the denervation experiments. There were many small ganglia in the tongue, and virtually all ganglionic neurons were NADPH-d reactive. CGRP-immuno-reactive varicose fibers were also found around the vascular walls and within the intralingual ganglia. Ultrastructural analysis revealed a close distribution of NADPH-d-positive and CGRP-immunoreactive varicose fibers within the arterial walls, and synaptic contacts between CGRP-immunoreactive terminals and NADPH-d-positive intralingual ganglionic neurons. These results indicated that the taste buds of epithelia of fungiform papillae in the anterior two thirds of the dog tongue receive NADPH-d-positive and CGRP-immunoreactive sensory fibers from the trigeminal ganglion, and that perivascular NADPH-d-positive fibers mainly originate from intrinsic ganglia in the tongue. The ultrastructural findings suggest an intrinsic peripheral nerve-reflex mechanism in the regulation of the lingual vascular function by NO-producing postganglionic parasympathetic neurons and CGRP-containing sensory fibers.
...
PMID:Distribution and origins of nitric oxide-producing nerve fibers in the dog tongue: correlated NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and immunohistochemistry for calcitonin gene-related peptide using light and electron microscopy. 903 86

Mechanisms underlying the relaxation induced by nicotine were analyzed in cutaneous arterial strips isolated from dogs and with the endothelium removed. In the strips treated with prazosin and precontracted with prostaglandin F2 alpha, nicotine produced relaxations which were not influenced by atropine but abolished by hexamethonium. Relaxations induced by nicotine were partially inhibited by NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA), a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor; the remaining relaxations were abolished by desensitization to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or treatment with CGRP-(8-37), a CGRP receptor antagonist, or with capsaicin. Desensitization to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) or a VIP receptor antagonist did not influence the nicotine-induced relaxation. In the strips densensitized to CGRP, the nicotine-induced relaxation was abolished by L-NA; the inhibitory effect was reversed by L-arginine. Perivascular nerves containing NADPH diaphorase and CGRP immunoreactivity were histochemically identified in the cutaneous artery. CGRP immunoreactivity was abolished by treatment with capsaicin. It is concluded that nicotine produces relaxation in dog cutaneous arterial strips, possibly mediated by NO and CGRP liberated from vasodilator nerves.
...
PMID:Analysis of the vasodilator nerve function by nicotine in isolated dog skin artery. 908 81

The success of axon regeneration in the adult mammalian brain depends on the presence of growth-permissive environmental conditions as well as on specific properties of the affected neurons. To investigate the relative contribution of extrinsic cues and intrinsic determinants to reparative processes we have investigated the regenerative properties of olivocerebellar and Purkinje cell axons. When these axon populations are severed in the cerebellar white matter and confronted with embryonic neural grafts of cerebellar or extracerebellar origin, the former vigorously regenerate into the transplant, whereas the latter invariably fail to do so (Rossi et al., 1995). The same response occurs when dissociated Schwann cells are implanted in the lesion site: Purkinje cell axons fail to regrow, whereas olivocerebellar fibres regenerate for considerable distances. Within the graft, regenerating fibres follow tortuous courses along Schwann cell bundles and sometimes end with poorly developed terminal plexuses. Some of them, however, succeed in crossing the graft and grow further into the host cortex, where they break into fine terminal branches confined to the granular layer. The remarkable regenerative response of olivocerebellar axons revealed by these experiments might be an intrinsic reaction of the affected neurons to axon injury or it might be elicited by growth promoting cues derived from the grafts. To elucidate this point we have undertaken the investigation of cellular changes occurring in adult inferior olivary neurons following the transection of the inferior cerebellar peduncle. Our results show that axotomy induces a series of cellular changes, or reparative and regressive character, which ultimately lead to cell death. Interestingly, however, these modifications are not uniformly distributed throughout the whole inferior olive. (i) Neuronal atrophy and degeneration progress more rapidly in the PO and DAO than in the MAO. (ii) A subpopulation of inferior olivary neurons become reactive for NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry, and their preferential localisation in the MAO suggests that this modification is related to the longer survival of these cells after axotomy. (iii) The developmentally regulated calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is reexpressed by a subset of neurons in the caudal nuclear compartments. These results further emphasise the conclusion that the dissimilar regenerative response of Purkinje cell and olivocerebellar axons confronted with permissive environmental conditions is due to different intrinsic properties of these neuronal populations. The reexpression of developmentally regulated substances by axotomised inferior olivary neurons suggests that their reparative reaction is triggered by axon injury. However, the pattern of growth of regenerating olivocerebellar axons is strongly conditioned by environmental constraints, which, in the present experimental conditions, do not allow them to reattain denervated Purkinje cells.
...
PMID:Intrinsic properties and environmental factors in the regeneration of adult cerebellar axons. 919 50

In this study, enteric nervous system (ENS) of the fetal intestinal grafts was examined histopathologically. Forty-four rat fetal small intestines were transplanted syngenetically into the subcutaneous region of adult rats without vascular anastomosis. Thirty-two grafts survived. They were removed 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after transplantation and examined using (1) H&E staining, (2) AChE and NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry, and (3) protein gene product 9.5, S-100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, tyrosine hydroxylase, nerve growth factor receptor, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, somatostatin, and substance P immunohistochemistry. The grafts were compared with the intestines of 2-, 4-, 6- and 8-week-old control rats. ENS of the grafts was different from the controls as follows: (1) tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y were markedly reduced but present, suggesting that the extrinsic innervation was present; (2) nitric oxide-producing neurons were well preserved in grafts; (3) hyperganglionosis in the myenteric plexus was seen in 6- and 8-week grafts; (4) AChE activity was increased in the circular muscle and in the lamina propria, (5) S-100 was increased in the lamina propria in 6- and 8-week grafts, (6) calcitonin gene-related peptide was increased in 6- and 8-week grafts, (7) nerve fibers in the muscle layers ran irregularly and disorderly, and (8) hypertrophy of smooth muscle layers. Our data show that although extrinsic as well as intrinsic innervation is present in the fetal intestinal grafts, there is hyperinnervation of the intrinsic nervous system and reduced innervation of the extrinsic ENS. These morphological changes in the ENS of the fetal intestinal grafts may result in motility dysfunction.
...
PMID:Morphological changes in the enteric nervous system of the transplanted fetal rat intestine. 920 96

By means of double staining technique of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunohistochemistry, we investigated the coexistence of NADPH-d reactivity and CGRP immunoreactivity in the canine superior cervical ganglion (SCG). Most of NADPH-d reactivity and CGRP immunoreactivity were coexisted in the principal postganglionic neurons. These neurons were distributed throughout the ganglion without specific localization. The present findings suggest the intimate role of CGRP and nitric oxide in postganglionic neurons of the canine SCG.
...
PMID:Coexistence of calcitonin gene-related peptide and NADPH-diaphorase in the canine superior cervical ganglion. 920 17

A primary neurogenic component is often being postulated to be responsible for unfavourable postoperative results of bladder growth and continence in the exstrophy-epispadias complex. On the other hand, we have seen favourable clinical situations and urodynamic follow-up after primary reconstruction employing the 'Erlangen technique' without evidence of primary dysinnervation. Since there are only few data available on this issue, we decided to apply immunocytochemistry and histochemistry for neuronal markers as a further step to elucidate this problem. Transmural biopsies were obtained during reconstructive surgery from the bladder dome and trigone of 22 children between September 1994 and June 1995. Indirect immunocytochemistry for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP) calcitonin gene-related product (CGRP) and protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, a universal marker for neuronal tissue and histochemistry for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd), was performed on 14-micron cryostat sections. During the same period of time, control biopsies from 6 healthy bladders of an age-compatible group were subjected to the same examination. In addition, 19 patients were examined urodynamically after reconstruction in order to compare postoperative bladder function with the preexisting innervation pattern. No evidence of dysinnervation was found either morphologically or urodynamically in cases of isolated epispadias and classical exstrophy. Cases of exstrophies after failed reconstruction had muscular innervation deficiencies but increased sub and intraepithelial innervation. This group, according to morphological changes, also demonstrated bladder wall instability, decreased bladder compliance and absent detrusor contractions during micturition. All cloacal exstrophies had an extremely uneven innervation pattern with noticeable calibre differences of nerve fibres and bundles with simultaneously increased innervation density. Functionally these bladders were marked by small capacity and decreased compliance and absent detrusor function. All exstrophies in conjunction with an anal atresia or with a caudal regression syndrome (so-called 'transition forms') had a nearly universal pathological innervation pattern, compatible with cloacal exstrophies and had equally unfavourable functional findings. Cloacal exstrophies and 'transition forms' seemed to have primarily a completely different pattern of innervation when compared to normal bladders. Prognosis of bladder function in these children remains unclear.
...
PMID:Comparison of preoperative innervation pattern and postreconstructive urodynamics in the exstrophy-epispadias complex. 931 17


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Next >>

---