Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.99.1 (NADPH-diaphorase)
3,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A range of enzymatic activities in cervical mucus-secreting, ciliated and subcolumnar basal cells were assessed using light and electron microscopic cytochemical techniques. Enzymes detected in all three cell types were those of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, pentose-phosphate and glycolytic pathways, other mitochondrial associated enzymes (NADH and NADPH dehydrogenase), acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase. Mucus-secreting and ciliated cells exhibited thiamine pyrophosphatase and 5' nucleotidase activities while leucine aminopeptidase was most convincingly demonstrated in mucus-secreting cells. Alkaline phosphatase, on the other hand, was detected only in mucus-secreting and subcolumnar basal cells. The profile of enzymatic activities in subcolumnar basal cells closely resembles that of mature lining cells and further supports the hypothesis that these cells differentiate into functioning columnar cells.
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PMID:A cytochemical profile of mucus-secreting, ciliated and subcolumnar basal cells of the human cervical mucous membrane. 746 12

Nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity was found in a subpopulation of sympathetic postganglionic neurons in the cat stellate and lower lumbar ganglia. In the ganglia of other segments such cells were rare. Double staining for tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity and nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity or the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase reaction indicated that nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase reactivity was always co-localized and was confined to tyrosine hydroxylase-negative (presumably cholinergic) ganglion cells, and was present in most of them. The occurrence of nitric oxide synthase in two subpopulations of cholinergic postganglionic neurons was investigated in triple staining experiments. Presumptive sudomotor neurons have been previously defined as scattered cells containing calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity, usually accompanied by vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity: 99% of these contained nitric oxide synthase. Presumptive muscle vasodilator neurons have been previously identified as clumped cells with strong vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity but no calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity: 70% of these contained nitric oxide synthase. Sweat glands were found in the paw pad skin surrounded by varicose fibres showing calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity and vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity, confirming previous work. Such fibres also stained for nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase reactivity, although their staining was relatively weaker than in the corresponding cell bodies. Varicose fibres with the same chemical coding were also found around all large and most medium and small arteries in the paw skin as well as around arteriovenous anastomoses. Fibres with the muscle vasodilator coding (vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity without calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity) were not seen in paw skin. These results suggest that nitric oxide may act as a co-transmitter (with acetylcholine, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide and calcitonin gene-related peptide) in sudomotor neurons and (with acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal peptide) in vasodilator neurons. Collateral branches of sudomotor neurons may innervate skin vessels, and release vasodilator transmitters including nitric oxide to cause the vasodilatation which provides the fluid supply for sweat formation. Alternatively, separate vasodilator neurons to skin may share the same chemical code as sudomotor neurons.
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PMID:Nitric oxide synthase and chemical coding in cat sympathetic postganglionic neurons. 747 30

The present study concerns the survival potential of mature neurons containing the enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase in the static slice culture of adult rat striatum. In the striatal tissues immediately after slicing, there was a scattered distribution of NADPH-diaphorase neurons stained in a Golgi-like manner, and the cell density of those neurons was 53 +/- 5 (mean +/- SEM; n = 10) cells per mm2. The time-sequential cell density analysis disclosed that the number of striatal NADPH-diaphorase neurons surviving after 1, 2, 4 and 6 day in culture were 26 +/- 5, 8 +/- 2, 5 +/- 2, and 3 +/- 2 (means +/- SEM; n = 10) cells per mm2, respectively. Thus, approximately 50% of striatal NADPH-diaphorase neurons survived for 1 day and a significant proportion of these neurons, although their number gradually decreased, were maintained in culture for at least several days. The conspicuous survival of the striatal NADPH-diaphorase neurons in slice culture is thought to reflect the damage-resistant natures of these cells.
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PMID:Survival of neurons containing the enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase in static slice cultures of adult rat striatum. 747 67

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunohistochemistry and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry were used to investigate the distribution of nitroxergic, i.e., nitric oxide-synthesizing, neuronal perikarya and processes in the human ureterovesical junction (UVJ). Tissue specimens obtained from two cadaver kidney donors and two patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer were examined. Clusters of NOS-immunoreactive neurons were localized in extramural ureterovesical ganglia. NOS-containing nerve fibers traveled within large extramural nerve trunks and marched among smooth muscle bundles. Extramural and intramural blood vessels were encircled by varicose NOS-positive axonal processes. The distribution of NOS immunoreactivity paralleled the staining pattern for NADPH-d activity. Urothelium stained strongly for NADPH-d activity but showed no NOS immunolabeling. Specimens from all four patients investigated showed similar staining patterns. Our results suggest that nitric oxide, a potent smooth-muscle-relaxing neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system, plays a physiologic role in opening the human UVJ.
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PMID:Nitroxergic innervation of the human ureterovesical junction. 748 46

The distribution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent diaphorase (nitric oxide synthase, NOS) in the endothelial lining of intraparenchymal blood vessels was examined in sections of rat brain prepared from 500 microns thick slices of brain fixed by immersion or from blocks of tissue taken from whole brains fixed by vascular perfusion. In immersion-fixed tissue, a network of stained vessels, many as small as 3 microns in diameter was seen throughout the grey and white matter. In tissue fixed by perfusion small calibre vessels less than 5 microns were less prevalent. The results indicate that NOS is normally present in the endothelial lining throughout the cerebrovascular tree, including the capillaries. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide could have a more widespread role in the regulation of cerebral blood flow than considered previously.
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PMID:Distribution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent diaphorase staining in intraparenchymal blood vessels of the rat brain. 750 Dec 35

The 2-(2'-benzothiazolyl)-5-styryl-3-(4'-phthalhydrazidyl) tetrazolium chloride (BSPT)-tetrazolium salt technique for the electron microscopic demonstration of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) was used to localize nitric oxide synthase in the normal and excitotoxically lesioned rat hippocampus. The reaction product BSPT-formazan was shown to stain membranes predominantly of the endoplasmic reticulum. Apart from singular heavily labeled interneurons, the majority of neurons including pyramidal and granular cells and a few astroglial cells, light microscopically 'unstained', showed labeled membrane portions, but to a by far lesser extent. In lesioned areas some prominantly stained neurons rich in labeled membranes and surrounded by cell debris seemed to be largely preserved. An increased number of ultrahistochemically NADPH-d-stained glial cells, in particular astrocytes, was seen.
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PMID:Glutamate agonist-induced hippocampal lesion and nitric oxide synthase/NADPH-diaphorase: a light and electron microscopical study in the rat. 750 2

The carotid body is an arterial chemoreceptor organ sensitive to blood levels of O2, CO2 and pH. The present immunocytochemical and neurochemical study has demonstrated the presence of an extensive plexus of nitric oxide (NO)-synthesizing nerve fibers in this organ. These nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing axons are closely associated with parenchymal type I cells and with blood vessels in the carotid body. Denervation and retrograde tracing experiments have revealed that these fibers arise from NOS-immunoreactive and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase-positive neuronal cell bodies located in the petrosal ganglion and the carotid body, and dispersed along the glossopharyngeal and carotid sinus nerves (CSN). Within the petrosal ganglion, these neurons are topographically segregated from the catecholaminergic cells, and they contain the neuropeptide, substance P. NOS-positive autonomic microganglial cells in the carotid body and CSN also exhibit choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity. Our results suggest that nitric oxide may be a novel neuronal messenger in the mammalian carotid body involved in the modulation of chemosensory transduction and transmission in this organ.
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PMID:Neurons synthesizing nitric oxide innervate the mammalian carotid body. 750 96

The presence of neurons with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactivity was investigated in the rat kidney. Whole kidneys were examined by means of serial sections. The indirect immunocytochemical technique using polyclonal antibody raised against rat brain type Ia NOS and the histochemical technique for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase are used in this study. NOS-immunoreactive (NOS-IR) neurons varied in size and were observed: (1) associated with nerve bundles at the hilus of the kidney, (2) in the proximity of the lower or middle portion of the interlobar arteries, and (3) on the wall of the renal pelvis. We are presenting anatomic evidence for the presence of neurons in the rat kidney. Their location is consistent with the existence of a parasympathetic innervation of the rat kidney.
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PMID:Nitric oxide synthase immunoreactive neurons in the rat kidney. 750 8

This is the first report on the ultrastructural pattern of distribution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) in endothelial cells, using the rabbit aorta, and its colocalization with the neuronal isoform (type I) of nitric oxide synthase. About 30% of the endothelial cells showed a positive reaction for NADPH-d compared to about 6% for nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity. Simultaneous double histochemical-immunocytochemical labelling procedures indicate that all of the cells displaying nitric oxide synthase-positive reactivity also contained NADPH-d; the remainder of NADPH-d-positive endothelial cells were negative for this isoform of nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide synthase-immunogold labelling was mostly associated with free ribosomes, while NADPH-d activity was distributed largely in patches in the cytoplasm and in association with the cell membrane.
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PMID:Ultrastructural localization of NADPH-diaphorase and colocalization of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells of the rabbit aorta. 750 10

Hirschsprung's disease (HD) is defined as a congenital absence of ganglion cells in the distal bowel. Functionally, there is a loss of enteric neuromuscular inhibition. Inhibitory intestinal innervation includes extrinsic nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) nerves. Nitric oxide (NO) is proposed to be a NANC neurotransmitter. Sites of NO synthesis can be localized using a NO-dependent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase histochemical assay. We present a study of the distribution of NO neural elements in patients with HD. Routine hematoxylin-eosin (HE) histology as well as histochemical localization of NO synthase activity was carried out on fixed laminae and sectioned tissue of infant colon. NO synthase positive nerve cells and fibers were found throughout the wall of the proximal ganglionated colon. In the myenteric plexus disposition of these nerves parallels the known NANC innervation. "Aganglionic" distal colon displayed disrupted ganglia and increased nerve fibers. Selective preservation of NO synthesizing neurons was also seen. Punctate labeling of an apparent nonneuronal origin was also noted on the surface of arterioles. NO stain simplifies the pathological diagnosis of HD. The presence of NO positive nerve cells in HD suggests that aganglionosis is a misnomer. The lack of characteristic HE findings in other forms of neuronal intestinal dysplasia indicates the need for routine simple, more sensitive neural staining of colonic biopsies in selected infants with constipation.
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PMID:Routine use of the nitric oxide stain in the differential diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. 750 2


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