Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:1.6.99.1 (NADPH-diaphorase)
3,903 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of the enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase, which is identical to nitric oxide synthase (NOS), was examined in cortical area 17 and the 17/18a border region in the brain of the golden hamster. The activity of the enzyme was present as a network of processes and in special populations of neurons in the visual cortex. The dense enzyme-positive network exhibited numerous varicosities distributed throughout the cortex. The prominent orientation of the processes in layer I and the white matter are parallel to the surface of the brain, but those in layers II-IV are perpendicular to the surface of the brain. However, the processes in layers V and VI seem to run randomly. The NADPH diaphorase-positive cells could be divided into two classes: heavily stained neurons and lightly stained neurons. For the lightly stained NADPH diaphorase-positive neurons, only the cell bodies could be observed, whereas for the heavily stained neurons, the cell bodies and their varicosity-carrying dendrites and, occasionally, the smooth, thin and weakly stained axons were visible. The heavily stained neurons were morphologically diverse, but no pyramidal or spiny neurons were found. Multipolar and bipolar neurons were located throughout the depth of the cortex, including the white matter, more frequently in layers V and VI. Occasionally, monopolar neurons were found in layer VI. Callosal projecting neurons in the visual cortex were labeled retrogradely with the use of FluoSpheres applied at the opposite visual cortex, but these neurons did not co-localize with the NADPH diaphorase-positive neurons, suggesting that the callosal projecting neurons and NADPH diaphorase-positive neurons belong to two populations of cells in the visual cortex.
...
PMID:A morphological study of neurons expressing NADPH diaphorase activity in the visual cortex of the golden hamster. 888 93

The participation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the nitrergic innervation of the canine laryngeal glands was investigated using a double-staining technique of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry and VIP or CGRP immunohistochemistry. NADPHd-positive nerve fibers with varicosities appeared to terminate in some acinar cells. Double staining revealed that NADPHd reactivity and VIP- or CGRP-like immunoreactivity were colocalized in some nerve fibers distributed around the acini. A cluster of NADPHd-positive cells were occasionally found in the larynx. Many NADPHd-positive cells had VIP-like immunoreactivity and no NADPHd-positive cells were CGRP-like immunoreactive. These findings suggest that nitric oxide participates in the neural control of the laryngeal exocrine secretion in cooperation with intrinsic VIP and/or extrinsic CGRP.
...
PMID:Relationship of neuropeptides to nitrergic innervation of the canine laryngeal glands. 891 75

Enteric co-innervation of motor endplates in the rat esophagus was studied with confocal laser scanning and electron microscopy. Enteric fibers were demonstrated with immunocytochemistry for nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal peptide or NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. Vagal motor terminals were identified with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunocytochemistry. Teloglia was stained with immuno- cytochemistry for S100, and TRITC-tagged alpha-bungarotoxin was used to delineate endplate areas in immmunofluorescence preparations. Both confocal imaging and electron microscopy revealed intimate relationships between enteric and vagal terminals on the one hand, and enteric terminals and the sarcolemma on the other. In addition, electron microscopy could point out direct apposition of a significant proportion of enteric varicosities to vagal motor terminals without intervening teloglial processes. These morphological data are compatible with pre- and postsynaptic modulatory effects of enteric neurons on vagal neuromuscular transmission in striated esophageal muscle.
...
PMID:Spatial relationships of enteric nerve fibers to vagal motor terminals and the sarcolemma in motor endplates of the rat esophagus: a confocal laser scanning and electron-microscopic study. 901 86

We sought to determine whether neuropeptide Y (NPY) terminals are concentrated in the intermediolateral (IML) cell column and innervate human NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d)-reactive sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs). Spinal cords were obtained at autopsy from one man and two women, cut into segments, and immersion fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde for 24 h. The T1, T3, T6 and T8 spinal cord segments were cut serially at 50 microns in the coronal, sagittal and horizontal planes. Alternating consecutive sections were double stained for NADPH-d and NPY or NPY alone. NPY-immunoreactive fibers were identified at all levels analyzed and varicosities appeared to run and cover the NADPH-d processes for long distances. NPY-immunoreactive varicosities were heavily concentrated around the soma and proximal dendrites of NADPH-d SPNs. NPY may exert many possible actions at the level of the IML cell column. Depletion of NPY-containing bulbospinal neurons may contribute to sympathetic failure in disorders such as multiple system atrophy.
...
PMID:Neuropeptide Y innervation of nitric oxide-synthesizing sympathetic preganglionic neurons in humans. 907 26

The first objective of the present study was to verify whether projections from regions of the internal pallidum (GPi) that receive inputs from different functional areas of the striatum remain segregated at the level of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) in squirrel monkeys. Second, we analyzed the ultrastructural features and synaptic organization of pallidal terminals in contact with PPN neurons. This was achieved by performing iontophoretic injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) in different regions of the GPi. The animals were pooled into three groups on the basis of the location of the injection sites and the resulting distribution of retrogradely labelled striatal neurons. The experimental groups were divided as follows: group 1: injections in the dorsal one-third of the GPi, retrograde labelling in the head and body of the caudate nucleus ("associative striatum"); group 2: injections in the ventrolateral two-thirds of the GPi, retrograde labelling in the postcommissural region of the putamen ("sensorimotor striatum"); and group 3: injections in the rostromedial pole of the GPi, retrograde labelling in the ventral striatum ("limbic striatum"). These injections led to the anterograde labelling of varicose fibers that arborized profusely in common regions of the PPN dorsal to the brachium conjunctivum. The fields of fibers that arose from the dorsal one-third and the rostromedial pole of the GPi were more widely spread than the afferents from the ventrolateral two-thirds of the GPi. Small numbers of retrogradely labelled cells were encountered in the PPN after each injection in the GPi. Some of them were tightly surrounded by large, BDA-containing varicosities, which implies that the connections between the GPi and the PPN are partly reciprocal. In sections processed for the simultaneous localization of beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase (a marker of cholinergic cells in the PPN) and BDA, the anterogradely labelled fibers largely avoided the dense aggregate of NADPH-diaphorase-containing neurons in the PPN pars compacta (PPNc) but, rather, established contacts with unlabelled neurons in the pars dissipata (PPNd). In the electron microscope, the GPi terminals were large (1.0-5.0 microns in diameter), contained many mitochondria and pleomorphic vesicles, and formed symmetric synapses predominantly with proximal dendrites of PPN cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that the noncholinergic neurons of the PPNd are potential targets for the integration of information arising from different functional territories of the GPi in primates. The PPNd is thus in a position to act as an interface between motivational, cognitive, and motor information transmitted along the pallidotegmental projection in primates.
...
PMID:Efferent connections of the internal globus pallidus in the squirrel monkey: II. Topography and synaptic organization of pallidal efferents to the pedunculopontine nucleus. 918 98

The aim of this study was to localize the distribution of (reduced) nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase-positive nerves in the rat nasal mucosa by NADPH diaphorase histochemistry, and to determine its origin by utilizing retrograde tracing with Fluoro-Gold (FG). Fine varicosities of NADPH diaphorase-positive nerve fibers were distributed around blood vessels (arterioles in particular), submucosal glands, and the subepithelial layer of the nasal mucosa. Most of the ganglion cells and nerve fibers in the sphenopalatine ganglion, and a few ganglion cells in the trigeminal ganglion, were stained by NADPH diaphorase, but no NADPH diaphorase-positive ganglion cells were found in the superior cervical ganglion. Retrograde tracing with FG and co-localization of NADPH diaphorase demonstrated that the FG-labeled ganglion cells in the sphenopalatine ganglion were NADPH diaphorase-positive, but the FG-labeled ganglion cells in both the trigeminal and the superior cervical ganglia were NADPH diaphorase-negative. In conclusion, NADPH diaphorase-positive nerves distribute around blood vessels, around submucosal glands, and in the subepithelial layer of the rat nasal mucosa, and their origin is the sphenopalatine ganglion. These findings imply that nitric oxide may be co-localized to the cholinergic innervation and be involved in vasomotor and secretomotor control of the nasal mucosa.
...
PMID:Origin and distribution of NADPH diaphorase-positive nerves in rat nasal mucosa. 927 Apr 35

Gastric adaptive relaxation is a vago-vagal reflex, probably involving the site of interface of vagal afferents and efferents in the dorsal vagal complex of the medulla. Previous studies have shown that both substance P and nitric oxide in the dorsal vagal complex decrease intragastric pressure. The purpose of this study is, firstly, to localize NK1 tachykinin receptor immunoreactive (ir) staining in the dorsal vagal complex and, secondly, to determine its anatomical relationship to nitrergic cells in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Sections were stained by avidin-biotin immunocytochemistry using antiserum to NK1 receptor alone or combined with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. In the nucleus tractus solitarius, NK1 receptor-ir varicosities were moderately dense in the medial subnucleus, but sparse in the centralis and gelatinosus subnuclei. In the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, NK1 receptor-ir staining in cell bodies and fibers was present throughout, with a markedly dense varicose fiber and cell body staining in a lateral column of the rostral portion of the nucleus. NADPH-diaphorase staining is most marked in cell bodies in the same region of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. In dual-stained sections, there was complete overlap of NADPH-diaphorase and NK1 receptor-ir stain; however, the markers were very rarely colocalized within the same vagal motor neurons. Ipsilateral vagotomy almost completely abolished NK1r-ir staining in vagal motor neurons. We conclude that, in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, NK1 receptor is synthesized by a population of vagal motor neurons which are in close anatomical proximity to, but separate from, nitrergic neurons. Based on these observations, substance P-mediated gastric relaxation in this region is unlikely to be via activation of nitrergic vagal preganglionic neurons. In the nucleus tractus solitarius, the NK1 receptor and NADPH-diaphorase stain are not codistributed in subnuclei mediating gastric and esophageal control. Therefore, substance P and nitric oxide may mediate their respective gastrointestinal effects via separate afferent pathways.
...
PMID:Immunocytochemical distribution of neurokinin 1 receptor in rat dorsal vagal complex. 966 58

Several studies, including histochemical ones, have indicated that nitric oxide (NO) of endothelial origin may be related to the pulmonary vasodilation that occurs at birth. Since no histologic studies have been done of the possible parallel perinatal increase in production of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) by pulmonary nerve plexuses, we investigated the distribution of nNOS in fetal, neonatal, and adult mouse lung. Lungs from mice aged 13 d gestation to 6 d after birth and lungs of adults were studied through histochemistry for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity and immunocytochemistry. Both techniques gave almost similar results in relation to time of appearance, distribution, and frequency of neural structures positive for NADPH-d and NOS. NADPH-d staining was also applied to whole mounts of developing and adult tracheae. Staining was found from gestational days 13 to 15 onward in a small portion of the neuronal population. In all stages studied, NADPH-d/NOS staining was found in neuron cell bodies in the hilar region and bronchiolar wall, as well as in neuronal processes. Labeled terminal nerve fibers with varicosities were more frequent in pulmonary blood vessels than in airways. In tracheae, similar NADPH-d/NOS-positive nerve plexuses were found. The presence of nNOS in fetal and neonatal mouse respiratory tract suggests that neurally derived NO must play a role in developing lung physiology. However, because no perinatal increase in the number or intensity of staining of nNOS-positive nerve structures was seen, no apparent relation between neural NO and vasodilation can be established at birth.
...
PMID:Histochemical demonstration of neuronal nitric oxide synthase during development of mouse respiratory tract. 992 27

Nitric oxide (NO) is acknowledged as a messenger molecule in the nervous system. It has a role in the modulation of the chemosensory information and seems implicated also in visual processes and visually guided behaviour of some insects. In the present study, we used two different strains of the medfly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae), a wild type eye colour and a white eye mutant line, as models to clarify the involvement of NO in the mature and developing visual system. The comparison between the pattern of enzyme histochemical localization of NO synthase (NOS), through NADPH diaphorase (NADPHd) staining, in the optic lobes of the two strains revealed for adults a stronger intensity of reaction in all the neuropiles and the sub-retinic monopolar cell layer of the wild type flies, with respect to the white eye mutant correspondent areas. Anti-NOS immunocytochemistry correlated with these results, underlying reactivity both in fine fibres and varicosities and in cell bodies and supporting the idea of presence of NOS also in the retina of the medfly optic lobes. NADPHd reactivity was present in the first developmental stages of the white eye mutant also, but at lower intensity than wild type, and it decreased in some areas during the transition to adult fly stage both in the wild type and in the white eye mutant. All these observations together indicate that changes in the NO system of C. capitata could be related to the visual information processing, when the visual response or discrimination are altered. Furthermore, NO may be involved in the establishment of the retinal projection pattern and in the control of optic lobes morphogenesis.
...
PMID:Mature and developing visual system of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae): histochemical evidence of nitric oxide synthase in the wild type and the white eye mutant strains. 1052 4

The aim of this study was the description of the morphology and distribution of nerve structure elements in the intestine of the lizard Podarcis hispanica using different histochemical methods; namely acetylcholinesterase (AChE), formol-induced fluorescence for catecholamines (FIF), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d), and immunohistochemistry for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), as well as substance P (SP) and electron microscopy. The AChE method showed fibres in the myenteric and submucosal plexus, with a higher fibre density in the large intestine. The highest number of related neurons was located in the myenteric plexus ganglia. Noradrenergic innervation was distributed through the myenteric and submucosal plexus, and also around blood vessels, with the highest fibre density in the large intestine. VIP immunohistochemistry showed a wide distribution of positive fibres throughout the intestine, although the highest density was again detected in the large intestine. Small positive cells for VIP were located at internodal segments in the plexus. SP labeling, although subtle, was present all along the intestine. It showed delicate varicose nets and few fibres innervating blood vessels. Small positive cells for SP were located in the large intestine. The indirect method to detect nitric oxide (NO)-producing system showed neural cells in the myenteric plexus ganglia of the large intestine. Electron microscopy showed ganglion neurons with scattered chromatin condensations, glial cells with higher electron density, and axons with varicosities occupied by different vesicles. We also identified certain cells as interstitial cells of Cajal due to their ultrastructural features. They were mostly located in the region of the myenteric plexus.
...
PMID:Intrinsic innervation in the intestine of the lizard Podarcis hispanica. 1100 34


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 Next >>

---