Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.5.4 (SOR)
720 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It has been shown that the severity of experimentally induced acute renal failure (ARF) is inversely related to dietary sodium chloride intake, and the effects have been attributed to the concurrent changes in renal renin. In the current study, renal renin of rats was increased by chronic sodium deprivation and decreased by chronic sodium loading and DOCA administration. In two nephrotoxic models (mercuric chloride, uranyl nitrate), giving previously sodium-deprived rats 1% sodium chloride to drink for 48 hours prior to ARF induction greatly attenuated the severity without any reduction in their high renal renin. Conversely, giving previously sodium-loaded rats tap water to drink for 4 to 5 days prior to AFR induction greatly enhanced the severity without any increase in their subnormal renal renin. Therefore, the changes in severity of ARF resulting from changes in dietary sodium are not mediated by changes in renal renin. Significant inverse correlations were found between mean peak BUN values during the follow-up period (5 to 7 days) and the 24-hour urinary sodium excretions prior to ARF induction in both models, suggesting that sodium intake and/or excretion at the time of induction is a good predictor of the severity. The effects of sodium chloride in both models were predominantly expressed during the maintenance phase, and consisted of attenuation of the severity (both models) and hastening of the recovery (mercuric chloride model). Possible mechanisms by which dietary sodium produced its effects, independently of its effects on the renin-angiotensin system, are discussed.
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PMID:Sodium-chloride-induced protection in nephrotoxic acute renal failure: independence from renin. 39 16

The caries-inducing activity of soybean-oligosaccharide (SOR: stachyose- and raffinose-rich sugar mixture) was examined in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Streptococcus mutans MT 8148R fermented SOR and produced acids. However Streptococcus sobrinus 6715 did not ferment. SOR was not able to act as a substrate for crude glucosyltransferases (GTase) of these mutans streptococci to synthesize the water-insoluble glucan. However, SOR did not inhibit the synthesis of water-insoluble glucan from sucrose by crude GTase. SOR was proved to be of low cariogenicity in rats infected with S. sobrinus 6715.
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PMID:[Caries-inducing activity of soybean-oligosaccharide (SOR) in vitro and in experimental dental caries of rats]. 178 69

Yeast cells were irradiated with monochromatic synchrotron radiation (SR) under wet conditions in the wavelength region from 160 to 185 nm at INS-SOR, Tokyo. By the particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method applied to whole cells several elements were found to be released from the irradiated cells at the wavelengths shorter than 170 nm. The most drastic release occurred with phosphorus, followed potassium. Sulphur and calcium were not released over the whole wavelength region studied. It was also revealed that the release of these elements paralleled the cell inactivation. The cause of these element releases upon vaccuum-UV irradiation was inferred in relation to the dissociation of H2O molecules located in the vicinity of the cell surface region.
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PMID:Release of P and K from yeast cells irradiated by vacuum UV below 170 nm. 638 74

Oxygen consumption was measured and caloric expenditure calculated (indirect calorimetry) in ten adult patients with acute renal failure (ARF) following surgery. Eight patients recovered from ARF and six were discharged from the hospital. Caloric expenditure averaged 47 Kcal/kg/24 hours during the period of AFR. Attempts were made to match caloric replacement with expenditure based on indirect calorimetry, but was achieved in only one patient. Indirect calorimetry appears to be a practical method for guiding caloric replacement in these patients. Postoperative patients in ARF must undergo healing of incisions and bowel anastomoses, and contain infection. Since these patients are severely catabolic, it seems reasonable to treat them with adequate protein and calories and to use dialysis to control azotemia and water metabolism.
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PMID:Indirect calorimetry in postoperative patients with acute renal failure. 662 61

We examined the effect of 1% L-arginine in the drinking water on the infiltration of the kidney by macrophages in rats with puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrosis (PAN) and in rats with bilateral ureteral obstruction (BUO) of 24 hours duration. Rats given L-arginine in the drinking water for three days before BUO or PAN was initiated had a greater glomerular filtration rate after release of BUO or induction of PAN than similar rats not given L-arginine (P < 0.0001). Administration of L-arginine decreased the renal infiltration by macrophages in rats with PAN (P < 0.0001) or BUO (P < 0.0001) compared to rats with PAN or BUO given tap water alone. Chemotaxis studies suggested that macrophages were activated during obstruction as evidenced by the greater random migration of peritoneal macrophages obtained from rats with 24-hour urethral obstruction than from sham-operated rats (SOR; P < 0.0001). In vitro, maximal chemotaxis induced by 7% zymosan-activated serum (ZAS) in peritoneal macrophages from SOR was enhanced by low (10(-6) to 10(-5) M) and decreased by high concentrations (10(-3) to 10(-2) M) of L-arginine in the incubation medium. Migration of macrophages from rats with urethral obstruction was increased by 7% ZAS but the increase diminished with high concentrations of L-arginine (10(-3) to 10(-2) M). Random migration of peritoneal macrophages obtained from rats with urethral obstruction given L-arginine prior to obstruction was significantly lower than that of peritoneal macrophages obtained from similar rats given tap water alone prior to obstruction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:L-arginine decreases the infiltration of the kidney by macrophages in obstructive nephropathy and puromycin-induced nephrosis. 807 47

Superoxide reductase from the hyperthermophilic anaerobe Pyrococcus furiosus uses electrons from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, by way of rubredoxin and an oxidoreductase, to reduce superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, which is then reduced to water by peroxidases. Unlike superoxide dismutase, the enzyme that protects aerobes from the toxic effects of oxygen, SOR does not catalyze the production of oxygen from superoxide and therefore confers a selective advantage on anaerobes. Superoxide reductase and associated proteins are catalytically active 80 degrees C below the optimum growth temperature (100 degrees C) of P. furiosus, conditions under which the organism is likely to be exposed to oxygen.
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PMID:Anaerobic microbes: oxygen detoxification without superoxide dismutase. 1057 91

A combination of two enzymes, phospholipase D (PL D) and C (PL C), was investigated for the production of two lysophospholipids, 1-lauroyl-rac-glycerophosphate (1-LGP) and 1-lauroyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate (1-LDHAP). The high transphosphatidylation ability of phospholipase D from Streptomyces sp. allowed the formation of 1-lauroyl-phosphatidylglycerol (1-LPG) and 1-lauroyl-phosphatidyldihydroxyacetone (1-LPDHA) from phosphatidylcholine (PC) and 1-monolauroyl-rac-glycerol (1-MLG) and 1-lauroyl-dihydroxyacetone (1-MDHA), respectively. A two-phase system, diethyl ether/water, was chosen for the convenience of the recovery of the water insoluble products. A similar two-phase system was used for hydrolysis of the complex phospholipids by phospholipase C form Bacillus cereus, which released both lysophospholipids. Only trace amounts of phosphatidic acid (PA) were detected showing that the enzyme is highly selective for the release of the diacylglycerol and 1-lauroyl-rac-glycerophosphate and 1-lauroyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate.
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PMID:Two-enzyme system for the synthesis for 1-lauroyl-rac-glycerophosphate (lysophosphatidic acid) and 1-lauroyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate. 1066 9

A study was performed to determine how the electron fluxes for the photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) and the photorespiratory carbon oxidation (PCO) cycles affect the photoreduction of O2 at PSI, which is the limiting step in the water-water cycle. Simultaneous measurements were made of CO2-gas exchange, transpiration and quantum yield of PSII [phi(PSII)] using leaves of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). The total electron flux in PSII[Je(PSII)], as estimated from phi(PSII), was always larger than the total electron flux required for the PCR and PCO cycles at various partial pressures of CO2 and O2 and 1,100 micromol photons m(-2)s(-1). This observation suggested the existence of an alternative electron flux (Ja). Ja was divided into O2-dependent [Ja(O2-depend)] and O2-independent [Ja(O2-independ)] components. The magnitude of half Ja(O2-depend), 7.5 to 9.5 micromol e- m(-2)s(-1), and its apparent Km for O2, about 8.0 kPa, could be accounted for by the photoreduction of O2 at PSI either mediated by ferredoxin or catalyzed by monodehydroascorbate reductase. The results indicated that Ja(O2-depend) was driven by the water-water cycle. A decrease in the intercellular partial pressure of CO2 from 23 to 5.0 Pa at 21 kPa O2 enhanced Ja(O2-depend) by a factor of 1.3. Saturation of the activities of both the PCR and PCO cycles by increasing the photon flux density induced Ja. These results indicate the electron flux in PSII that exceeds the flux required for the PCR and PCO cycles induces the photoreduction of O2 in the water-water cycle.
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PMID:Determination of the rate of photoreduction of O2 in the water-water cycle in watermelon leaves and enhancement of the rate by limitation of photosynthesis. 1080 97

It has been suggested that antioxidants play a role in regulating or modulating senescence dynamics of plant tissues. Ethylene has been shown to promote early plant senescence while controlled atmospheres (CA; reduced O2 levels and elevated CO2 levels) can delay its onset and/or severity. In order to examine the possible importance of various antioxidants in the regulation of senescence, detached spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves were stored for 35 d at 10 degrees C in one of three different atmospheres: (1) ambient air (0.3% CO2, 21.5% O2, 78.5% N2), (2) ambient air + 10 ppm ethylene to promote senescence, or (3) CA (10% CO2, 0.8% O2 and 89.2% N2) to delay senescence. At weekly intervals, material was assessed for activities of the antioxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (ASPX; EC 1.11.1.11), catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR; EC 1.8.5.4), glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR; EC 1.6.5.4), and superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), and concentrations of the water-soluble antioxidant compounds ascorbate and glutathione. Indicators of the rate and severity of senescence (lipid peroxidation, chlorophyll, and soluble protein levels) were also determined. Results indicated that the rate and severity of senescence was similar between the leaves stored in ambient air or CA until day 35, at which point the ambient air-stored leaves exhibited a sharp increase in lipid peroxidation. Tissues under both storage regimes demonstrated significant declines only in levels of ASPX, CAT, and ascorbate. Glutathione content in the CA-stored tissue also significantly dropped, but only on day 35. In contrast, spinach leaves stored in ambient air + ethylene experienced a rapid decrease in levels of all the antioxidants assessed except SOD. Declines in levels of ASPX, CAT, and ascorbate over the 35 d storage period regardless of the composition of the storage atmosphere suggests that regulation of H2O2 levels plays an important role in both the dynamics and severity of post-harvest senescence of spinach.
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PMID:The effects of ethylene, depressed oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide on antioxidant profiles of senescing spinach leaves. 1093 20

The water-water cycle in chloroplasts is the photoreduction of dioxygen to water in photosystem I (PS I) by the electrons generated in photosystem II (PS II) from water. In the water-water cycle, the rate of photoreduction of dioxygen in PS I is several orders of magnitude lower than those of the disproportionation of superoxide catalysed by superoxide dismutase, the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water catalysed by ascorbate peroxidase, and the reduction of the resulting oxidized forms of ascorbate by reduced ferredoxin or catalysed by either dehydroascorbate reductase or monodehydroascorbate reductase. The water-water cycle therefore effectively shortens the lifetimes of photoproduced superoxide and hydrogen peroxide to suppress the production of hydroxyl radicals, their interactions with the target molecules in chloroplasts, and resulting photoinhibition. When leaves are exposed to photon intensities of sunlight in excess of that required to support the fixation of CO2, the intersystem electron carriers are over-reduced, resulting in photoinhibition. Under such conditions, the water-water cycle not only scavenges active oxygens, but also safely dissipates excess photon energy and electrons, in addition to downregulation of PS II and photorespiration. The dual functions of the water-water cycle for protection from photoinhibition under photon excess stress are discussed, along with its functional evolution.
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PMID:The water-water cycle as alternative photon and electron sinks. 1112 96


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