Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.6.5.3 (complex I)
 8,901 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Both mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences have been employed in efforts to reconstruct deep-level phylogenetic relationships. A fundamental question in molecular systematics concerns the efficacy of different types of sequences in recovering clades at different taxonomic levels. We compared the performance of four mitochondrial data sets (cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase II, NADH dehydrogenase subunit I, 12S rRNA-tRNA-16S rRNA) and eight nuclear data sets (exonic regions of alpha-2B adrenergic receptor, aquaporin, ss-casein, gamma-fibrinogen, interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein, kappa-casein, protamine, von Willebrand Factor) in recovering deep-level mammalian clades. We employed parsimony and minimum-evolution with a variety of distance corrections for superimposed substitutions. In 32 different pairwise comparisons between these mitochondrial and nuclear data sets, we used the maximum set of overlapping taxa. In each case, the variable-length bootstrap was used to resample at the size of the smaller data set. The nuclear exons consistently performed better than mitochondrial protein and rRNA-tRNA coding genes on a per-residue basis in recovering benchmark clades. We also concatenated nuclear genes for overlapping taxa and made comparisons with concatenated mitochondrial protein-coding genes from complete mitochondrial genomes. The variable-length bootstrap was used to score the recovery of benchmark clades as a function of the number of resampled base pairs. In every case, the nuclear concatenations were more efficient than the mitochondrial concatenations in recovering benchmark clades. Among genes included in our study, the nuclear genes were much less affected by superimposed substitutions. Nuclear genes having appropriate rates of substitution should receive strong consideration in efforts to reconstruct deep-level phylogenetic relationships.
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PMID:Mitochondrial versus nuclear gene sequences in deep-level mammalian phylogeny reconstruction. 1115 72

alpha-Synuclein is a major protein component deposited in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites that is extensively phosphorylated at Ser(129), although its role in neuronal degeneration is still elusive. In this study, several apoptotic pathways were examined in alpha-synuclein-overexpressing SH-SY5Y cells. Following the treatment with rotenone, a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, wild type alpha-synuclein-overexpressing cells demonstrated intracellular aggregations, which shared a number of features with Lewy bodies, although cells overexpressing the S129A mutant, in which phosphorylation at Ser(129) was blocked, showed few aggregations. In wild typealpha-synuclein cells treated with rotenone, the proportion of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein was about 1.6 times higher than that of untreated cells. Moreover, induction of unfolded protein response (UPR) markers was evident several hours before the induction of mitochondrial disruption and caspase-3 activation. Eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha, a member of the PERK pathway family, was remarkably activated at early phases. On the other hand, the S129A mutant failed to activate UPR. Casein kinase 2 inhibitor, which decreased alpha-synuclein phosphorylation, also reduced UPR activation. The alpha-synuclein aggregations were colocalized with a marker for the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. Taken together, it seems plausible that alpha-synuclein toxicity is dependent on the phosphorylation at Ser(129) that induces the UPRs, possibly triggered by the disturbed endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi trafficking.
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PMID:Serine 129 phosphorylation of alpha-synuclein induces unfolded protein response-mediated cell death. 1856 15

A bush-type plant was selected from tropical pumpkin 'cga' (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) in order to study the vine development in C. moschata. In this study, a novel gene encoding NADH dehydrogenase was isolated from the vine line (cgaV) of C. moschata, that was not expressed in the near isogenic bush line (cgaBu). This gene, designated as CmV1 (C. moschata vine 1), was 545 bp in length and was composed of a 477 bp open reading frame, which had 99% nucleotide similarity to the chloroplast ndhJ gene for NADH dehydrogenase subunit J from Brassica oleracea. The deduced amino acid sequence of CmV1 had 99% similarity to NADH dehydrogenase subunit J from Arabidopsis and had 98% similarity to NADH dehydrogenase subunit from Barbarea verna. Analysis of the basic characteristics of the CmV1 protein revealed that it has one Respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase 30 kD subunit signature, three N-myristoylation sites, one Casein kinase II phosphorylation site, and one Protein kinase C phosphorylation site. Reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis showed that CmV1 was expressed at a high level in the internodes and hypocotyls and was expressed stronger in elongating internodes than in fully expanded internodes. In conclusion, results obtained in the present study suggest that CmV1 gene might play important roles in vine elongation of tropical pumpkin.
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PMID:Molecular cloning and expression of a bush related CmV1 gene in tropical pumpkin. 1930 73

Understanding the interaction between dietary protein deficits and neurotoxicants such as lead (Pb) is critical since oxidative stress is a common denominator under such conditions. The Drosophila system is an extensively used model to investigate the interaction between nutrients and environmental toxicants. Accordingly, we have examined the hypothesis that casein (CSN) enrichment has the propensity to attenuate Pb-associated phenotype, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Exposure of young (2-3 d) and adult flies (10-12 d old) to Pb acetate (0-20 mM, 7 d) in the medium resulted in a concentration dependent mortality and the survivors exhibited a hyperactive phenotype. While males showed higher susceptibility to Pb among both age groups, young flies were relatively more susceptible than adults. Pb exposure (5-10 mM, 5 d) among young flies caused robust oxidative stress as evidenced by markedly elevated levels of reactive oxygen species with concomitant perturbations in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (diminished SOD and elevated thioredoxin reductase) and altered redox state. Further, Pb caused significant elevation in the activity of acetylcholinesterase and dopamine levels. In a satellite study, we assessed the modulatory effect of CSN-enriched diet (1-2%) on Pb intoxication in terms of lethality, hyperactivity, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. CSN markedly offset Pb-induced lethality and diminished the hyperactivity response. While CSN enrichment among Pb (5 mM) treated flies caused further elevation in ROS levels and thioredoxin reductase activity, the SOD levels were restored to normalcy. Further, CSN improved the activity levels of complex I-III and restored the dopamine levels. Our data suggest that Pb-induced toxicity in the Drosophila system may be predominantly mediated through oxidative stress mechanisms and the propensity of casein-enriched diet to abrogate such responses. Hence, we propose that enrichment of diet with protein such as casein may be a useful approach to alleviate Pb associated adverse effects in children.
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PMID:Potential of casein as a nutrient intervention to alleviate lead (Pb) acetate-mediated oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: First evidence in Drosophila melanogaster. 2584 99