Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.6.5.3 (complex I)
 8,901 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A cDNA library constructed from heart of anoxia-exposed adult turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) was differentially screened with 32P-labeled single-stranded cDNA probes from heart of control versus anoxic animals to clone genes induced by anoxia stress. Four cDNA clones, pBTaR20, pBTaR34, pBTaR63 and pBTaR914 were obtained and confirmed to be upregulated in response to anoxic submergence (20 h in N2-bubbled water at 7 degrees C). Two clones, pBTaR20 and pBTaR63, were characterized by sequence analysis and in vivo expression. The clone pBTaR20 had a 1597-bp cDNA sequence and pBTaR63 contained a 1837-bp sequence. The pBTaR20 sequence contained a single open reading frame that was very close to full length and could potentially encode a polypeptide with 508 amino acids. The deduced polypeptide sequence showed approximately 83% of the residues identical with the sequence of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) that is encoded by a mtDNA gene Cox1. The clone pBTaR63 contained a single potentially full-length open reading frame that could encode a polypeptide of 591 residues. This was similar to another mitochondrial protein, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit 5 (ND5), which is encoded by mtDNA gene Nad5. Analysis of the time course of expression of Cox1 and Nad5 by northern hybridization analysis showed that mRNA transcripts for both accumulated rapidly (within 1 h) in response to anoxia exposure. Both showed similar increases in their transcript content after 1 h of anoxia but with longer anoxia exposures (5 or 20 h) Nad5 mRNA levels remained high whereas Cox1 mRNA content declined somewhat. Northern-blot hybridization also revealed differential expression of these two genes in five other organs of T. s. elegans during anoxia exposure (brain, kidney, liver, red and white skeletal muscle), with a particularly large increase in mRNA transcript levels of both genes in anoxic red muscle. Organ-specific analysis of these genes in a freeze-tolerant turtle species (Chrysemys picta marginata) also showed that differential expression of these genes occurred in response to the ischemia induced by plasma freezing.
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PMID:Anoxia-induced gene expression in turtle heart. Upregulation of mitochondrial genes for NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit 5 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1. 889 92

A phylogenetic hypothesis for the lizard family Chamaeleonidae is generated from 1503 aligned base positions (883 parsimony-informative) of mitochondrial DNA for specimens representing 59 species (57 ingroup and two outgroup). Sequences are reported for a genomic segment encoding eight transfer RNAs, NADH dehydrogenase component 2 (ND2), and portions of NADH dehydrogenase component 1 (ND1) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI). Newly reported genomic rearrangements and duplications support the hypothesis that mitochondrial gene order and content are destabilized by phylogenetic loss of a functional origin for light-strand replication between the genes encoding tRNA(Asn) and tRNA(Cys). A novel gene order characterizes all sampled Brookesia except B. nasus. Brookesia nasus, the apparent sister taxon of a clade formed by all other Brookesia, has the ancestral gene order but contains a large tandem duplication. An apparently noncoding 220 base pair insertion between the genes encoding ND2 and tRNA(Trp) is reported for Bradypodion tavetanum. Phylogenetic analysis identifies nine clades whose ancestral lineages diverged early in chamaeleonid evolutionary history: (1) Brookesia (possibly excluding B. nasus), (2) Chamaeleo subgenus Chamaeleo (excluding C. namaquensis), (3) Chamaeleo subgenus Trioceros, (4) viviparous Bradypodion, (5) oviparous Bradypodion, (6) genus Furcifer (except F. balteatus), and (7-9) three distinct clades of Calumma. Chamaeleo namaquensis, Brookesia nasus, Furcifer balteatus, Rhampholeon brevicaudatus, and R. spectrum represent ancient lineages dating to approximately the same time. Multiple independent losses and a possible secondary gain of horns are inferred for Trioceros. Viviparity has at least two separate origins in chameleons, one in Bradypodion and
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PMID:Molecular phylogenetics and mitochondrial genomic evolution in the chamaeleonidae (Reptilia, Squamata). 1218

Investigations were undertaken to determine the genotypes of the parasite Echinococcus granulosus that were present in livestock animals on the island of Sardinia. Liver, lung, and spleen samples were obtained from 770 sheep, 229 cattle, and 277 pigs slaughtered in Sardinia between January 2003 and April 2005, and the number and fertility of hydatid cysts were determined. Protoscoleces and/or germinal layer were collected from individual cysts, DNA was extracted from 91 samples, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods were used for identification of the strain genotype for each sample (G1, G5, G6/G7). Fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and NADH dehydrogenase I were sequenced. Hydatid disease prevalence of 75.3, 41.5, and 9.4% were found in the organs collected from sheep, cattle, and pigs, respectively. Molecular analysis showed that 89 of 91 ovine, bovine, and swine cysts belonged to the G1 genotype (common sheep strain) of E. granulosus. Parasite isolates from two pigs were identified to belong to the G7 genotype (pig strain). Our results confirm the high prevalence of E. granulosus infection in livestock animals in Sardinia and reveal the presence of at least two parasite genotypes in Sardinia.
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PMID:Molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus strains in Sardinia. 1632 21

Although cystic echinococcosis (CE) has been a recognized public health problem in Greece, molecular data are lacking regarding the types and prevalences of infecting strains of the etiological agent Echinococcus granulosus. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of CE and determined the infecting genotypes in sheep and goats in Peloponnesus, a large region of southern Greece. Liver and lung samples were obtained from 210 sheep and 190 goats slaughtered between January and December 2005, and the number, morphology, and fertility of hydatid cysts were determined. Protoscoleces or germinal layers were collected from individual cysts (20 sheep and 20 goats), and DNA was extracted. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/seminested PCR system was used to distinguish the G1, G5, and G6/G7 strains, and a specific molecular diagnosis was obtained by sequencing PCR-amplified mitochondrial DNA encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and NADH dehydrogenase I genes. The prevalence of CE was 30.4% in sheep and 14.7% in goats; fertile cysts were found in 16.2 and 7.4%, respectively. Overall, 18 of 20 sheep harbored the G1 genotype (common sheep strain), while the remaining two animals had the G3 (buffalo) strain. All 20 goats were infected with the G7 (pig) strain. These results document the prevalence of E. granulosus infection in food animals in this geographical area and reveal for the first time the presence of, at least, three parasite genotypes.
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PMID:Molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus in sheep and goats of Peloponnesus, Greece. 1748 70

Sequence variability in three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions, namely cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1 and 4 (nad1 and nad4), among and within Toxocara canis, T. cati, T. malaysiensis, T. vitulorum and Toxascaris leonina from different geographical origins was examined by a mutation-scanning approach. A portion of the cox1 gene (pcox1), a portion of the nad1 and nad4 genes (pnad1 and pnad4) were amplified separately from individual ascaridoid nematodes by polymerase chain reaction and the amplicons analyzed by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). Representative samples displaying sequence variation in SSCP profiles were subjected to sequencing in order to define genetic markers for their specific identification and differentiation. While the intra-specific sequence variations within each of the five ascaridoid species were 0.2-3.7% for pcox1, 0-2.8% for pnad1 and 0-2.3% for pnad4, the inter-specific sequence differences were significantly higher, being 7.9-12.9% for pcox1, 10.7-21.1% for pnad1 and 12.9-21.7% for pnad4, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined sequences of pcox1, pnad1 and pnad4 revealed that the recently described species T. malaysiensis was more closely related to T. cati than to T. canis. These findings provided mtDNA evidence for the validity of T. malaysiensis and also demonstrated clearly the usefulness and attributes of the mutation-scanning sequencing approach for studying the population genetic structures of these and other nematodes of socio-economic importance.
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PMID:Electrophoretic analysis of sequence variability in three mitochondrial DNA regions for ascaridoid parasites of human and animal health significance. 1854 67

This study investigated the genetic variability within fish louse Argulus japonicus (Crustacea: Branchiura) from Africa, Middle East, and Asia by polymerase chain reaction in three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions, namely, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1 and 4 (nad1 and nad4). Six different sequences from a portion of the cox1 gene (pcox1) and a portion of the nad1 and nad4 genes (pnad1 and pnad4) for ten adult specimens from infected fish in China, Egypt, and Syria were amplified separately from individual and the amplicons were subjected to direct sequencing. A + T percentages were 68.8-69% for pcox1, 77.1-77.6% for pnad1, and 60.4-60.9% for pnad4. Among all the collected parasites, A. japonicus sequence variations were 0.0-1.9% for cox1, 0.0-2.3% for nad1, and 0.0-0.8% for nad4. In rivers, sequence variations among all individuals were 0.4-0.8% for cox1, 1.0-2.3% for nad1, and 0.4-0.8% for nad4, while sequence variations among all the collected parasites in fish farms were 0.6-1.9% for cox1, 0.0-1.7% for nad1, and 0.2-0.6% for nad4. The nad1 was the most variable gene among selected markers, while nad4 was a more conserved gene than cox1. All isolates of A. japonicus were sister to Argulus americanus in phylogenetic tree and they grouped together in one sub-clade, while isolates from China and Egypt fish farms were closely clustered together. However, moderate genetic drift and slight mutation could be observed among A. japonicus individuals. These findings demonstrated the convenience and attributes of the three selected mtDNA sequences for population genetic studies of A. japonicus where nad1 is a new and reliable marker to detect the sequence variation among A. japonicus individuals.
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PMID:Analysis of genetic variability within Argulus japonicus from representatives of Africa, Middle East, and Asia revealed by sequences of three mitochondrial DNA genes. 2045 4

The present study examined sequence variability in a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (pcox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunits 4 and 5 (pnad4 and pnad5) among 39 isolates of Fasciola spp., from different hosts from China, Niger, France, the United States of America, and Spain; and their phylogenetic relationships were re-constructed. Intra-species sequence variations were 0.0-1.1% for pcox1, 0.0-2.7% for pnad4, and 0.0-3.3% for pnad5 for Fasciola hepatica; 0.0-1.8% for pcox1, 0.0-2.5% for pnad4, and 0.0-4.2% for pnad5 for Fasciola gigantica, and 0.0-0.9% for pcox1, 0.0-0.2% for pnad4, and 0.0-1.1% for pnad5 for the intermediate Fasciola form. Whereas, nucleotide differences were 2.1-2.7% for pcox1, 3.1-3.3% for pnad4, and 4.2-4.8% for pnad5 between F. hepatica and F. gigantica; were 1.3-1.5% for pcox1, 2.1-2.9% for pnad4, 3.1-3.4% for pnad5 between F. hepatica and the intermediate form; and were 0.9-1.1% for pcox1, 1.4-1.8% for pnad4, 2.2-2.4% for pnad5 between F. gigantica and the intermediate form. Phylogenetic analysis based on the combined sequences of pcox1, pnad4 and pnad5 revealed distinct groupings of isolates of F. hepatica, F. gigantica, or the intermediate Fasciola form irrespective of their origin, demonstrating the usefulness of the mtDNA sequences for the delineation of Fasciola species, and reinforcing the genetic evidence for the existence of the intermediate Fasciola form.
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PMID:Genetic diversity and relatedness of Fasciola spp. isolates from different hosts and geographic regions revealed by analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences. 2152 54

Elevated blood pressure (BP) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Several studies have noted a consistent maternal effect on BP; consequently, mitochondrial DNA variation has become an additional target of investigation of the missing BP heritability. Analyses of common mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms, however, have not found evidence of association with hypertension. To explore associations of uncommon (frequency>5%) mitochon drial DNA variants with BP, we identified uncommon/rare variants through sequencing the entire mitochondrial genome in 32 unrelated individuals with extreme-high BP in the Framingham Heart Study and genotyped 40 mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphisms in 7219 Framingham Heart Study participants. The nonsynonymous mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphism 5913G>A (Asp4Asn) in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 of respiratory complex IV demonstrated significant associations with BP and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels. Individuals with the rare 5913A allele had, on average, 7-mm Hg higher systolic BP at baseline (Pempirical=0.05) and 17-mg/dL higher mean FBG over 25 years of follow-up (Pempirical=0.009). Significant associations with FBG levels were also detected for nonsynonymous mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphism 3316G>A (Ala4Thr) in the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 of complex I. On average, individuals with rare allele 3316A had 17- and 25-mg/dL higher FBG at baseline (Pempirical=0.01) and over 25 years of follow-up (Pempirical=0.007). Our findings provide the first evidence of putative association of variants in the mitochondrial genome with systolic BP and FBG in the general population. Replication in independent samples, however, is needed to confirm these putative associations.
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PMID:Association of genetic variation in the mitochondrial genome with blood pressure and metabolic traits. 2294 35

Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) plays an important role in energy homeostasis by controlling electron transfer and ATP generation. Maternal malnutrition during pregnancy affects mitochondrial (mt) DNA-encoded OXPHOS activity in offspring, yet it is unknown whether epigenetic mechanism is involved in the transcriptional regulation of mtDNA-encoded OXPHOS genes. In this study, 14 primiparous purebred Meishan sows were fed either standard- (SP, 12% crude protein) or low-protein (LP; 6% crude protein) diets throughout gestation, and the hepatic expression and transcriptional regulation of mtDNA-encoded OXPHOS genes were analyzed in newborn piglets. Maternal low protein diet decreased hepatic mtDNA copy number in males, but not in females. LP male piglets had significantly higher hepatic AMP concentration and low energy charge, which was accompanied by enhanced mRNA expression of NADH dehydrogenase subunits 6, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, 2, 3 and cytochrome b, as well as increased cytochrome c oxidase enzyme activity. In contrast, LP female piglets showed significantly lower hepatic AMP concentrations and higher energy charge with no alterations in OXPHOS gene expression. Moreover, LP males demonstrated higher glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding to the mtDNA promoter compared with SP males, which was accompanied by lower cytosine methylation and hydroxymethylation on mtDNA promoter. Interestingly, opposite changes were seen in females, which showed diminished GR binding and enriched cytosine methylation and hydroxymethylation on mtDNA promoter. These results suggest that maternal low protein diet during pregnancy causes sex-dependent epigenetic alterations in mtDNA-encoded OXPHOS gene expression, possibly GR is involved in mtDNA transcription regulation.
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PMID:Maternal low-protein diet affects epigenetic regulation of hepatic mitochondrial DNA transcription in a sex-specific manner in newborn piglets associated with GR binding to its promoter. 2369 Nov 6

This study examined sequence differences in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), large subunit ribosomal RNA (rrnL) and NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1 and 4 (nad1 and nad4) between Chabertia ovina and C. erschowi from yaks in Qinghai and goats in Shaanxi provinces, China. A part of the cox1 (pcox1), rrnL (prrnL), nad1 and nad4 genes (pnad1 and pnad4) were amplified separately from individual nematodes by PCR and sequenced. The length of the sequences of pcox1, prrnL, pnad1 and pnad4 was 441 bp, 450 bp, 526 bp and 914 bp for C. ovina, and 441 bp, 451 bp, 517 bp and 810 bp for C. erschowi, respectively. The intra-specific sequence variations within C. ovina were 0.2-2.9% for pcox1, 0-0.9% for prrnL, 0.6-2.3% for pnad1, and 0.4-2.0% for pnad4, and were 0.5-1.6% for pcox1, 0-1.1% for prrnL, 0.2-1.7% for pnad1, and 0.4-1.1% for pnad4 within C. erschowi. Whereas, the inter-specific sequence differences between the two species were obviously higher, being 11.6-12.9% for pcox1, 9.8-11.1% for prrnL, 14.4-15.9% for pnad1, and 16.4-17.7% for pnad4. Phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian inference (BI), based on combined sequences of four genes, indicated that the C. ovina and C. erschowi represent distinct species. These results demonstrate that these mt gene sequences provide novel genetic markers for the identificaiton and differentiation C. ovina and C. erschowi, and have implications for studying the population genetics and molecular epidemiology of Chabertia spp.
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PMID:Genetic differences between Chabertia ovina and C. erschowi revealed by sequence analysis of four mitochondrial genes. 2432 23


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