Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.6.5.3 (complex I)
 8,901 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The structural organization of the NDUFS8 gene coding for the TYKY subunit of the human mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I) has been determined by sequencing of a genomic fragment cloned from a cosmid library. The NDUFS8 gene is located on chromosome 11q13 immediately downstream of the ALDH7 isoform gene. It spans about 6kb and contains seven exons ranging in size from 51 to 186bp. Three CCAAT box sequence motifs are present upstream of the transcription start. Sp1 and NRF1 binding site motifs are present in the first intron. Expression of the gene is ubiquitous but predominant in heart and skeletal muscle. Immunodetection of the TYKY subunit in placental mitochondria after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that the mature protein has a molecular mass of 22kDa and a pI in the range of 4.9-5.0.
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PMID:Genomic structure of the human NDUFS8 gene coding for the iron-sulfur TYKY subunit of the mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase. 966 55

Complex I is the most complicated of the multimeric enzymes that constitute the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It is encoded by both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. We have previously characterized the human NDUFS8 gene that encodes the TYKY subunit. This essential subunit is thought to participate in the electron transfer and proton pumping activities of complex I. Here, we have analyzed the transcriptional regulation of the NDUFS8 gene. Using primer extension assays, we have identified two transcription start sites. The basal promoter was mapped to a 247 bp sequence upstream from the main transcription start site by reporter gene analysis in HeLa cells and in differentiated or non-differentiated C2C12 cells. Three Sp1 sites and one YY1 site were identified in this minimal promoter. Through gel shift analysis, all sites were shown to bind to their cognate transcription factors. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the YY1 site and two upstream adjacent Sp1 sites drive most of the promoter activity. This work represents the first promoter analysis for a complex I gene. Together with previous studies, our results indicate that YY1 and Sp1 control the expression of genes encoding proteins that are involved in almost all steps of the oxidative phosphorylation metabolism.
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PMID:YY1 and Sp1 activate transcription of the human NDUFS8 gene encoding the mitochondrial complex I TYKY subunit. 1195 26

Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the kidney. TGF-beta1 has been identified as the key mediator of ECM accumulation in diabetic kidney. High glucose induces TGF-beta1 in glomerular mesangial and tubular epithelial cells and in diabetic kidney. Antioxidants inhibit high glucose-induced TGF-beta1 and ECM expression in glomerular mesangial and tubular epithelial cells and ameliorate features of diabetic nephropathy, suggesting that oxidative stress plays an important role in diabetic renal injury. High glucose induces intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mesangial and tubular epithelial cells. High glucose-induced ROS in mesangial cells can be effectively blocked by inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC), NADPH oxidase, and mitochondrial electron transfer chain complex I, suggesting that PKC, NADPH oxidase, and mitochondrial metabolism all play a role in high glucose-induced ROS generation. Advanced glycation end products, TGF-beta1, and angiotensin II can also induce ROS generation and may amplify high glucose-activated signaling in diabetic kidney. Both high glucose and ROS activate signal transduction cascade (PKC, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription) and transcription factors (nuclear factor-kappaB, activated protein-1, and specificity protein 1) and upregulate TGF-beta1 and ECM genes and proteins. These observations suggest that ROS act as intracellular messengers and integral glucose signaling molecules in diabetic kidney. Future studies elucidating various other target molecules activated by ROS in renal cells cultured under high glucose or in diabetic kidney will allow a better understanding of the final cellular responses to high glucose.
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PMID:Reactive oxygen species-regulated signaling pathways in diabetic nephropathy. 1287 39

The aim of the present study was to analyze the functional importance for the parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) receptor (PTHR1) gene P2 promoter activity of the putative proximal Myc-associated zinc finger protein (MAZ) site localized at position bp -45 to -39 bp, taking advantage of a G/A mutation identified at position -40 in the human sequence. Wild-type 'full-length' (1285P2) and truncated (760P2) promoter sequences were inserted upstream to the luciferase basic (pLucB) and enhancer (pLucE) reporter gene expression vectors. Transient transfections in osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells and renal cells (RC.SV3A2) showed that the -40 G/A mutation significantly impaired transcriptional activity of wild-type 1285P2-pLucB and 760P2-pLucE promoter constructs. Further truncation of the P2 sequence demonstrated that the sequence -109/-37 bp was essential for promoter activity. Co-transfection with a MAZ expression vector did not modify the wild-type 1285P2-pLucB construct reporter activity but significantly increased 2-fold the mutated construction activity (P<0.05). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using SaOS-2 nuclear extracts and a double-stranded DNA fragment encompassing the -45 to -39 putative MAZ site (ds-MAZ-oligo) disclosed two specific DNA-protein complexes. Complex II (fast moving) had a lower affinity for the mutated MAZ motif than for the wild-type MAZ motif while complex I (slow moving) had the same affinity for both wild-type or mutated MAZ sequences. Competition studies with Sp1 consensus oligonucleotide (ds-Sp1-oligo) markedly reduced complex I intensity, with a concomitant increase in that of complex II. Finally, ribonuclease protection assays showed that P2-specific PTHR1 mRNA transcript expression was significantly decreased in SaOS-2 cells transfected with ds-MAZ-oligo as compared with that for control (P<0.001) and ds-Sp1-oligo (P<0.05). Taken together, our studies suggest that the putative -45 to -39 MAZ-binding site regulates the constitutive activity of human PTHR1 P2 promoter.
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PMID:Functional importance of Myc-associated zinc finger protein for the human parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor-1 P2 promoter constitutive activity. 1476 95

Schizophrenia is currently believed to result from variations in multiple genes, each contributing a subtle effect, which combines with each other and with environmental stimuli to impact both early and late brain development. At present, schizophrenia clinical heterogeneity as well as the difficulties in relating cognitive, emotional and behavioral functions to brain substrates hinders the identification of a disease-specific anatomical, physiological, molecular or genetic abnormality. Mitochondria play a pivotal role in many essential processes, such as energy production, intracellular calcium buffering, transmission of neurotransmitters, apoptosis and ROS production, all either leading to cell death or playing a role in synaptic plasticity. These processes have been well established as underlying altered neuronal activity and thereby abnormal neuronal circuitry and plasticity, ultimately affecting behavioral outcomes. The present article reviews evidence supporting a dysfunction of mitochondria in schizophrenia, including mitochondrial hypoplasia, impairments in the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) as well as altered mitochondrial-related gene expression. Abnormalities in mitochondrial complex I, which plays a major role in controlling OXPHOS activity, are discussed. Among them are schizophrenia specific as well as disease-state-specific alterations in complex I activity in the peripheral tissue, which can be modulated by DA. In addition, CNS and peripheral abnormalities in the expression of three of complex I subunits, associated with parallel alterations in their transcription factor, specificity protein 1 (Sp1) are reviewed. Finally, this review discusses the question of disease specificity of mitochondrial pathologies and suggests that mitochondria dysfunction could cause or arise from anomalities in processes involved in brain connectivity.
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PMID:The interplay between mitochondrial complex I, dopamine and Sp1 in schizophrenia. 1978 53