Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.5.3 (complex I)
8,901 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The hemocytes of the hard clam M. mercenaria were of three types: an agranulocyte, a small, and a large granulocyte. The agranulocyte, with only a thin periphery of cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus, had no visible cytoplasmic granules in living preparations but did exhibit a few centers of nonspecific esterase activity. This cell type represented 2% of the hemocyte population. The small granulocyte possessed four distinct granule types and comprised 61% of the total cell population. Large granulocytes accounted fro 37% of all hemocytes. While they contained the same four granule types identified in the small granulocyte, only one-third the total number were present. The nucleus of all three hemocyte types appeared morphologically similar. The four types of granules observed were a blunt, dot-like, a refractile and a filamentous granule. Blunt granules were identified as mitochondria, based on their ability to reduce Janus Green B to diethyl safranin, the presence of NADH dehydrogenase activity and boundary staining with Sudan black B. Dot-like granules were identified as lysosomes on the basis of neutral red staining, localization of acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase activity and staining with Sudan black B. Refractile granules were demonstrated to be membrane-bound, lipid-filled structures that reacted positively with Sudan black B and Oil red O, respectively; these granules act as lipid storage centers. Nuclear similarity of the three cell types suggest that these cells might represent different stages of maturity, rather than three distinct cell lines. This was also indicated by the similar yet graded cytochemical reactions and the varying degree of motility and phagocytic activity demonstrated by hemocyte types.
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PMID:Cytochemical aspects of Mercenaria mercenaria hemocytes. 6 87

Quantitative cytochemical, immunocytochemical, autoradiographic and electron cytochemical investigations have been used to compare osteoclasts with multinucleate giant cells that had been freshly obtained from the same animal. The levels of beta-acid galactosidase activity, the DNA in individual nuclei and the cellular protein content were similar in both cell types. However, osteoclasts generally possessed greater acid phosphatase and NADH dehydrogenase activity but lower levels of fluoride-inhibited non-specific esterase activity than multinucleate giant cells. The acid phosphatase activity in multinucleate giant cells was completely inhibited by 100 mM tartrate, but in osteoclasts only a 20% reduction in activity was observed. Formation of multinucleate giant cells in a "bone microenvironment" (thin bone slices) did not increase their content of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity. Moreover, in osteoclasts, endogenous peroxidase activity was undetectable but present in several granules within the cytoplasm of multinucleate giant cells. Osteoclasts and multinucleate giant cells displayed a similar microtubules distribution, but calcitonin, which induced rearrangement of microtubules and cellular contraction in osteoclasts, had no effect on multinucleate giant cells. Thus, these investigations reveal both similarities and differences between these two syncytia and support the hypothesis that osteoclasts and multinucleate giant cells are related. Possibly osteoclasts arise from monocyte progenitors before commitment to a macrophage lineage has occurred.
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PMID:A quantitative cytochemical investigation of osteoclasts and multinucleate giant cells. 174 63

Quantitative cytochemical investigations have detected individual variations between murine peritoneal macrophages and have shown distinct difference between resident and exudate populations. The latter generally contain greater amounts of protein, RNA, acid phosphatase, succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and NADH dehydrogenase. On te other hand, no differences were detected in the cellular content of DNA, not-specific esterase, and NADPH dehydrogenase. In many instances they reflect the biochemical findings of other investigators including the stimulation of glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle and hexose monophosphate shunt pathways, which can occur in elicited or activated macrophages. Although cytochemical differences between the two populations exist, it cannot be stated whether they represent distinct cell lines or different functional states of the same cell population.
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PMID:A quantitative cytochemical analysis of resident and exudate macrophages. 616 17

Reactive microglia in the developing brain after stab wound was studied by morphological, cytochemical, and autoradiographic methods. Morphologically, early reactive cells are of the "M" cell type (Matthews 1974). They show an activated nucleus, cytoplasm rich in ribosomes with wide Golgi complex and variable numbers of lipid inclusions. Big clear vacuoles are found in many of these cells. Microtubules not associated with centrioles and filaments may or may not be present. Junctional complexes of the zonula or puncta adherentia types are occasionally found. Strong NADPH dehydrogenase, weak NADH dehydrogenase, strong ATPase, and strong acid phosphatase, in addition to nonspecific esterase activities were demonstrated in many reactive cells. Intravenous infusion of labelled bone marrow cells from a donor showed labelled macrophages and labelled perivascular cells at the site of injury. Intracerebral injection of a small dose of tritiated thymidine at the time of injury resulted in the appearance of labelled macrophages in the following days. These data suggest that many of the reactive cells have an exogenous, more probably monocytic, origin; but a certain amount of endogenous cells also act as macrophages in brain injuries.
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PMID:Reactive microglia in the developing brain. 737 29

Integrating microdensitometry has been used to quantitate changes in 4 cytoplasmic enzymes (NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase), DNA, RNA and glycogen in developing macrophages from 17 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 19 normal subjects. Cytochemical measurements were made at intervals over 6 days of suspension culture; over 16 000 individual cells were examined in total and the results subjected to analysis of variance. While the levels of enzymes and RNA of both groups showed increases over the period of culture, the levels of alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase in the patients' cells were consistently lower than the corresponding values for the normal cells and glycogen levels were higher, these differences satisfying the pre-determined requirements for statistical significance. It is concluded that (a) maturational changes take place in cytochemical constituents of developing macrophages of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (b) there are disturbances affecting the amounts of the specific enzyme alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase and glycogen (c) these abnormalities may be part of a compromise of host defense mechanisms by the disease, although a pre-existing defect in esterase increasing the susceptibility to malignancy is another possibility, and (d) the methods used may be of value in future investigations of the cause of the disturbances and their correction.
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PMID:Abnormalities of esterase and glycogen in developing macrophages in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a quantitative cytochemical study. 757 45

Integrating microdensitometry was used to study changes in the intracellular activity of 4 enzymes during macrophage development. Suspension cultures of blood monocytes from 19 healthy human subjects were examined at 0, 2, 4 and 6 d. Mononuclear phagocytes were harvested by glass adherence and standard methods were used for cytochemical staining for NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase. All specimens from all subjects were stained at the same time and staining intensities in individual cells were measured at appropriate wavelengths. A highly significant increase in enzyme activity with culture time was found for all 4 enzymes. These increases in mitochondrial, lysosomal and ectoenzyme activities during development indicate the increasing functional capabilities of the macrophages.
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PMID:Quantitative enzyme cytochemistry during human macrophage development. 827 Apr 80

In order to investigate the disordered maturation of mononuclear phagocytes previously found in Hodgkin's disease, integrating microdensitometry was used to quantitate changes in seven cytochemical constituents (NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, DNA, RNA and glycogen) of developing macrophages from 19 patients and 19 normal subjects. Individual cells were studied at intervals over six days of suspension culture; the results were subjected to analysis of variance. In both groups, all the constituents studied except DNA showed highly significant increases over the period of culture. Consistently lower levels of alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase (approximately 65%) and increased levels of glycogen were present in the Hodgkin's group. The results show that (1) maturational changes occur in the cytochemical constituents of developing macrophages of Hodgkin's disease, and (2) there are disturbances affecting the specific enzyme alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase and glycogen that are likely to have profound implications for host defense mechanisms.
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PMID:Disordered macrophage development in Hodgkin's disease shown by quantitative cytochemistry. 839 46

In this communication, we show that the palB7 mutation drastically reduced the mannose and N-acetylgalactosamine content of the pacA-encoded acid phosphatase secreted by the fungus Aspergillus nidulans at pH 5.0, compared to a control strain. By using mRNA differential display reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction, we isolated two cDNAs from the control pabaA1 strain that were not detected in the palB7 mutant strain that encode a mannosyl transferase and a NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase. Thus, a defect in the posttranslational mannosylation of proteins could be the consequence of mutations in the palB gene, which encodes for a nuclear calpain-like protease that may have specific functions in the processing of transcription factor(s) similar to its homolog, RIM13, in Saccharomyces cereviseae.
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PMID:Mutation in a calpain-like protease affects the posttranslational mannosylation of phosphatases in Aspergillus nidulans. 1294 8

This study was aimed to evaluate the preventive role of S-allylcysteine (SAC) on mitochondrial and lysosomal enzymes in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced rats. Male albino Wistar rats were pretreated with SAC (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg) daily for a period of 45 days. After the treatment period, ISO (150 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected to rats at an interval of 24 h for two days. The activities of heart mitochondrial enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase) and respiratory chain enzymes (NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome C oxidase) were decreased significantly (p<0.05) in ISO-induced rats. The activities of lysosomal enzymes (beta-glucuronidase, beta-N-acetyl glucosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, cathepsin-D and acid phosphatase) were increased significantly (p<0.05) in serum and heart of ISO-induced rats. Pretreatment with SAC (100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg) for a period of 45 days increased significantly (p<0.05) the activities of mitochondrial and respiratory chain enzymes and decreased the activities of lysosomal enzymes significantly (p<0.05) in ISO-induced rats. Oral administration of SAC (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg) for a period of 45 days to normal rats did not show any significant (p<0.05) effect in all the parameters studied. The altered electrocardiogram (ECG) of ISO-treated rats was also restored to near normal by treatment with SAC (100 and 150 mg/kg). These results confirm the efficacy of SAC in alleviating ISO-induced cardiac damage.
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PMID:S-allylcysteine ameliorates isoproterenol-induced cardiac toxicity in rats by stabilizing cardiac mitochondrial and lysosomal enzymes. 1718 65

The aim of the present work was to evaluate structural and metabolic changes in histaminergic neurons in hypothalamic nucleus E2 in rats in conditions of complete external drainage of bile. Studies were performed on male Wistar rats (n = 45). Controls consisted of animals subjected to sham surgery with preservation of physiological bile flow throughout the experiment. Quantitative histological and histochemical methods were used. Serial frontal cryostat sections cut from the posterior hypothalamus were used for detection of the activity of the following enzymes: monoamine oxidase B, succinate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase, NADPH dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and acid phosphatase. Morphological studies of histaminergic neurons were performed on preparations stained with thionine. These studies showed that complete external drainage of bile led to transient size reductions and rounding of cell perikarya. Metabolic changes were seen within a day of bile loss and subsequently progressed. All energy metabolic pathways were suppressed and acid phosphatase activity was increased on day 5.
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PMID:Structural-metabolic changes in histaminergic neurons of the rat hypothalamus in conditions of loss of bile. 1897 11


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